CVE-2026-98441

{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.2", "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2026-98441", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "Linux", "dateReserved": "2026-09-25T10:25:14.349Z", "datePublished": "2026-10-18T15:14:51.664Z", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-24T14:08:49.686Z"}, "containers": {"cna": {"providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-24T14:08:49.686Z"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: act_ct: avoid modifying shared unconfirmed ct entry\n\nIn a case where skb with an unconfirmed ct entry gets cloned, we may\nend up processing both again but with different sets of extensions.\n\nThe series of events:\n\n 1. The first clone wants to commit and runs the helpers wiring up\n the extension pointer into the expectation list.\n 2. Then it looses the confirmation keeping the entry unconfirmed.\n 3. Second clone now wants to commit labels or run NAT and adds the\n new extension for that breaking the pointer in the expectation\n list causing UAF on the destruction path later.\n\nWhile this is possible to trigger, there should be no practical\nnetwork pipeline where we need to process both clones without\nmodifications in the same zone. So, let's just reset the entry in\ncase for some reason we got an skb with a shared one. This doesn't\naffect any known use cases, but avoids any potential problems with\nsharing and modification of the unconfirmed ct entry.\n\nUnlike openvswitch module, act_ct allows for NAT without commit.\nChanging that would be a uAPI break. So, act_ct needs to reset on NAT\nregardless of the commit flag to avoid reallocation of the extension\nspace. This, however, doesn't really change the picture for sensible\nnetworking cases as there should be no need to run the same packet\ntwice (before and after the clone) through conntrack without packet\nheader or zone changes and without commit.\n\nThe fixes tag points to the introduction of helpers, since that's the\nmain UAF trigger for the sharing."}], "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - RTM_NEWTFILTER over NETLINK_ROUTE enters rtnetlink_rcv_msg()\u2192tc_new_tfilter()\u2192tcf_ct_init(); matching packets then reach the patched tcf_ct_act() through tcf_action_exec(), and no remote protocol message alone creates the required clone/commit graph.\nAC:L - The attacker controls the cloned skb branches, helper traffic such as a TFTP RRQ, NAT/commit actions, and competing same-tuple confirmations; repeated concurrent submissions can produce the nf_conntrack_confirm() loser state without an independent victim condition.\nPR:L - rtnetlink_rcv_msg() requires CAP_NET_ADMIN in sock_net(skb->sk)->user_ns, not init_user_ns; an unprivileged user can obtain this capability with a user and network namespace and create the required tc actions.\nUI:N - After creating the tc/bridge topology, the attacker sends the packets that drive tcf_ct_act() and later nf_ct_remove_expectations(); no victim action is required.\nS:U - The stale conntrack-extension pointer and subsequent hlist_del_rcu() write affect the same host kernel authority executing tcf_ct_act(); this is ordinary kernel compromise rather than a VM, IOMMU, or other scope-boundary escape.\nC:H - nf_ct_ext_add() can free or move ct->ext after nf_ct_expect_insert() stored exp->lnode.pprev inside the old nf_conn_help; this groomable kernel-heap UAF can corrupt sensitive objects and enable arbitrary kernel-memory disclosure.\nI:H - During nf_ct_remove_expectations(), hlist_del_rcu() executes WRITE_ONCE(*exp->lnode.pprev, exp->lnode.next) through the dangling pointer into reused heap memory, enabling control-bearing object corruption and code execution.\nA:H - The stale pprev write during expectation teardown can corrupt freed or reused slab memory and cause an oops or panic, and the attacker can repeatedly create and destroy affected conntracks to trigger it."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["net/sched/act_ct.c"], "versions": [{"version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "lessThan": "c812bb4aea13d385d048b5b24756aee2edf6f99e", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "lessThan": "2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "lessThan": "4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "lessThan": "b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "lessThan": "f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["net/sched/act_ct.c"], "versions": [{"version": "6.2", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "6.2", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.160", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12.112", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.18.55", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "7.2.9", "lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "7.3", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.160"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.112"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.18.55"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "versionEndExcluding": "7.2.9"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "versionEndExcluding": "7.3"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c812bb4aea13d385d048b5b24756aee2edf6f99e"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630"}], "title": "net/sched: act_ct: avoid modifying shared unconfirmed ct entry", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}}}

{}

{"affected": [{"affectedData": [{"defaultStatus": "unaffected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["net/sched/act_ct.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"lessThan": "c812bb4aea13d385d048b5b24756aee2edf6f99e", "status": "affected", "version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a", "status": "affected", "version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7", "status": "affected", "version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44", "status": "affected", "version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630", "status": "affected", "version": "a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"defaultStatus": "affected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["net/sched/act_ct.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "6.2"}, {"lessThan": "6.2", "status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.160", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.112", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.18.55", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "7.2.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "7.2.9", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "7.3", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: act_ct: avoid modifying shared unconfirmed ct entry\n\nIn a case where skb with an unconfirmed ct entry gets cloned, we may\nend up processing both again but with different sets of extensions.\n\nThe series of events:\n\n 1. The first clone wants to commit and runs the helpers wiring up\n the extension pointer into the expectation list.\n 2. Then it looses the confirmation keeping the entry unconfirmed.\n 3. Second clone now wants to commit labels or run NAT and adds the\n new extension for that breaking the pointer in the expectation\n list causing UAF on the destruction path later.\n\nWhile this is possible to trigger, there should be no practical\nnetwork pipeline where we need to process both clones without\nmodifications in the same zone. So, let's just reset the entry in\ncase for some reason we got an skb with a shared one. This doesn't\naffect any known use cases, but avoids any potential problems with\nsharing and modification of the unconfirmed ct entry.\n\nUnlike openvswitch module, act_ct allows for NAT without commit.\nChanging that would be a uAPI break. So, act_ct needs to reset on NAT\nregardless of the commit flag to avoid reallocation of the extension\nspace. This, however, doesn't really change the picture for sensible\nnetworking cases as there should be no need to run the same packet\ntwice (before and after the clone) through conntrack without packet\nheader or zone changes and without commit.\n\nThe fixes tag points to the introduction of helpers, since that's the\nmain UAF trigger for the sharing."}], "id": "CVE-2026-98441", "lastModified": "2026-10-24T14:16:41.920", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}]}, "published": "2026-10-18T16:16:54.393", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c812bb4aea13d385d048b5b24756aee2edf6f99e"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Received"}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: net/sched: act_ct: avoid modifying shared unconfirmed ct entry", "id": "2554869", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2554869"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "4.7", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "cwe": "CWE-825", "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nnet/sched: act_ct: avoid modifying shared unconfirmed ct entry\nIn a case where skb with an unconfirmed ct entry gets cloned, we may\nend up processing both again but with different sets of extensions.\nThe series of events:\n1. The first clone wants to commit and runs the helpers wiring up\nthe extension pointer into the expectation list.\n2. Then it looses the confirmation keeping the entry unconfirmed.\n3. Second clone now wants to commit labels or run NAT and adds the\nnew extension for that breaking the pointer in the expectation\nlist causing UAF on the destruction path later.\nWhile this is possible to trigger, there should be no practical\nnetwork pipeline where we need to process both clones without\nmodifications in the same zone. So, let's just reset the entry in\ncase for some reason we got an skb with a shared one. This doesn't\naffect any known use cases, but avoids any potential problems with\nsharing and modification of the unconfirmed ct entry.\nUnlike openvswitch module, act_ct allows for NAT without commit.\nChanging that would be a uAPI break. So, act_ct needs to reset on NAT\nregardless of the commit flag to avoid reallocation of the extension\nspace. This, however, doesn't really change the picture for sensible\nnetworking cases as there should be no need to run the same packet\ntwice (before and after the clone) through conntrack without packet\nheader or zone changes and without commit.\nThe fixes tag points to the introduction of helpers, since that's the\nmain UAF trigger for the sharing.", "A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's traffic control conntrack action module (act_ct). An attacker capable of sending network traffic through affected packet filters could trigger a Denial of Service (DoS) or kernel memory corruption. This issue arises when cloned network packets sharing an unconfirmed connection tracking entry are modified, corrupting extension pointers during packet processing. This improper handling results in a use-after-free (UAF) condition upon cleanup, causing the operating system to crash."], "name": "CVE-2026-98441", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "openshift/ose-rhel-coreos-8", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "openshift/ose-rhel-coreos-9", "product_name": "Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4"}], "public_date": "2026-10-18T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-98441\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-98441\nhttps://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/security/vulns.git/plain/cve/published/2026/CVE-2026-98441.mbox"], "threat_severity": "Moderate"}

{"affected": [{"configurations": [{"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b,2b783c562c3238ff50c34fd7a72a735c9cc73d9a)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b,4a04ed91575819fb1859311113e95700b709bec7)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b,b097d9d7a5b09c8ec5c4c1a08e35ac5a66b06b44)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[a21b06e7319129994f339ed47f512bbe57b77f5b,f85009dfcd65e5969526b0db7a49b5413746e630)"}}], "enrichment": {"confidence": 99.0, "confidence_source": "inferred", "scores": [{"score": 99.0, "source": "inferred"}, {"score": 100.0, "source": "matching"}]}, "original": {"product": "Linux", "source": "cna", "vendor": "Linux"}, "product": "linux_kernel", "vendor": "linux"}, {"configurations": [{"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "6.2"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[0,6.2)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.12.112,6.13.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.18.55,6.19.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[7.2.9,7.3.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "generic", "value": "[7.3-rc5,*]"}}], "enrichment": {"confidence": 99.0, "confidence_source": "inferred", "scores": [{"score": 99.0, "source": "inferred"}, {"score": 100.0, "source": "matching"}]}, "original": {"product": "Linux", "source": "cna", "vendor": "Linux"}, "product": "linux_kernel", "vendor": "linux"}], "created": "2026-10-18T16:30:13.920238+00:00", "updated": "2026-10-24T15:30:14.542759+00:00", "vendors": ["linux", "linux$PRODUCT$linux_kernel"]}