CVE-2026-65632

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When verifying an ECDSA signature, <code>jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4</code> in <code>src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl</code> splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (<code>split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)</code>) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with <code>crypto:bytes_to_integer/1</code>, which ignores leading zero bytes.</p>\n<p>As a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same <code>(r, s)</code> pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying <code>(r, s)</code> values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.</p>\n<p>This issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13.</p>"}, {"base64": false, "type": "text/markdown", "value": "The `jose` library accepts ECDSA (ES256, ES256K, ES384, and ES512) JWS signatures of a non-canonical length. When verifying an ECDSA signature, `jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4` in `src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl` splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (`split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)`) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with `crypto:bytes_to_integer/1`, which ignores leading zero bytes.\n\nAs a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same `(r, s)` pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying `(r, s)` values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.\n\nThis issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13."}], "value": "The jose library accepts ECDSA (ES256, ES256K, ES384, and ES512) JWS signatures of a non-canonical length. When verifying an ECDSA signature, jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4 in src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with crypto:bytes_to_integer/1, which ignores leading zero bytes.\n\nAs a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same (r, s) pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying (r, s) values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.\n\nThis issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13."}], "impacts": [{"capecId": "CAPEC-475", "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CAPEC-475 Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation"}]}], "metrics": [{"cvssV4_0": {"Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED", "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED", "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackRequirements": "NONE", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "baseScore": 5.1, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED", "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE", "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE", "userInteraction": "NONE", "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED", "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N", "version": "4.0", "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE", "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW", "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"}, "format": "CVSS", "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "GENERAL"}]}], "problemTypes": [{"descriptions": [{"cweId": "CWE-347", "description": "CWE-347 Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature", "lang": "en", "type": "CWE"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "shortName": "EEF", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-26T19:53:56.649Z"}, "references": [{"tags": ["vendor-advisory", "related"], "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/security/advisories/GHSA-44hw-rpw9-mwg4"}, {"name": "EEF CNA record for CVE-2026-65632", "tags": ["related"], "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-65632.html"}, {"name": "OSV record EEF-CVE-2026-65632", "tags": ["related"], "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-65632"}, {"name": "Introducing commit a7746ec in potatosalad/erlang-jose", "tags": ["related"], "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/commit/a7746ecd4950f85a393136e449a91dac62b5c429"}, {"name": "Fix commit 72ce186 in potatosalad/erlang-jose", "tags": ["patch"], "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/commit/72ce1866622b9329347dc52a94173ac0317bc9cf"}], "source": {"discovery": "EXTERNAL"}, "title": "ECDSA signature length is not validated in jose, allowing signature malleability"}, "adp": [{"references": [{"url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/security/advisories/GHSA-44hw-rpw9-mwg4", "tags": ["exploit"]}], "metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"timestamp": "2026-11-02T21:30:31.772807Z", "id": "CVE-2026-65632", "options": [{"Exploitation": "poc"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "partial"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "version": "2.0.3"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-11-02T21:30:52.037Z"}}]}}

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When verifying an ECDSA signature, jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4 in src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with crypto:bytes_to_integer/1, which ignores leading zero bytes.\n\nAs a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same (r, s) pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying (r, s) values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.\n\nThis issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13.", "supportingMedia": [{"type": "text/html", "value": "<p>The <code>jose</code> library accepts ECDSA (ES256, ES256K, ES384, and ES512) JWS signatures of a non-canonical length. When verifying an ECDSA signature, <code>jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4</code> in <code>src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl</code> splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (<code>split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)</code>) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with <code>crypto:bytes_to_integer/1</code>, which ignores leading zero bytes.</p>\n<p>As a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same <code>(r, s)</code> pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying <code>(r, s)</code> values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.</p>\n<p>This issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13.</p>", "base64": false}, {"type": "text/markdown", "value": "The `jose` library accepts ECDSA (ES256, ES256K, ES384, and ES512) JWS signatures of a non-canonical length. When verifying an ECDSA signature, `jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4` in `src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl` splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (`split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)`) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with `crypto:bytes_to_integer/1`, which ignores leading zero bytes.\n\nAs a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same `(r, s)` pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying `(r, s)` values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.\n\nThis issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13.", "base64": false}]}], "problemTypes": [{"descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "type": "CWE", "cweId": "CWE-347", "description": "CWE-347 Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:potatosalad:jose:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "1.11.13", "versionStartIncluding": "1.0.0"}], "operator": "OR"}], "operator": "AND"}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "shortName": "EEF", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-26T19:53:56.649Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2026-65632", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-11-02T21:30:52.037Z", "dateReserved": "2026-07-22T13:58:26.233Z", "assignerOrgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "datePublished": "2026-10-26T19:53:56.649Z", "assignerShortName": "EEF"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

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When verifying an ECDSA signature, jose_jwk_kty_ec:verify/4 in src/jwk/jose_jwk_kty_ec.erl splits the raw signature in half by its actual byte length (split_binary(Signature, byte_size(Signature) div 2)) instead of enforcing the fixed length required by RFC 7518 \u00a73.4, and then decodes each half with crypto:bytes_to_integer/1, which ignores leading zero bytes.\n\nAs a result, an attacker who holds one valid token can prepend leading zero bytes to each of the R and S halves to produce longer signatures that still split evenly and decode to the same (r, s) pair, so many distinct signature byte strings all verify against the same key (signature malleability). This does not allow forging new payloads or impersonating a signer, because the underlying (r, s) values are unchanged. It does defeat any security control that assumes a valid token or its signature is unique, such as token-revocation-by-hash, replay or idempotency caches, and deduplication logic.\n\nThis issue affects jose: from 1.0.0 before 1.11.13."}], "id": "CVE-2026-65632", "lastModified": "2026-11-02T22:17:22.930", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV40": [{"cvssData": {"Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED", "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED", "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackRequirements": "NONE", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "baseScore": 5.1, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED", "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "privilegesRequired": "NONE", "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED", "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE", "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE", "userInteraction": "NONE", "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED", "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X", "version": "4.0", "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE", "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW", "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"}, "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "type": "Secondary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2026-65632", "options": [{"exploitation": "poc"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "partial"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2026-11-02T21:30:31.772807Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2026-10-26T20:17:59.170", "references": [{"source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-65632.html"}, {"source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/commit/72ce1866622b9329347dc52a94173ac0317bc9cf"}, {"source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/commit/a7746ecd4950f85a393136e449a91dac62b5c429"}, {"source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/security/advisories/GHSA-44hw-rpw9-mwg4"}, {"source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-65632"}, {"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "url": "https://github.com/potatosalad/erlang-jose/security/advisories/GHSA-44hw-rpw9-mwg4"}], "sourceIdentifier": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "vulnStatus": "Deferred", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-347"}], "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db", "type": "Secondary"}]}

{}

{"affected": [{"configurations": [{"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[1.0.0,1.11.13)"}}], "enrichment": {"confidence": 100.0, "confidence_source": "cna", "scores": [{"score": 100.0, "source": "cna"}]}, "original": {"product": "jose", "source": "cna", "vendor": "potatosalad"}, "product": "jose", "vendor": "potatosalad"}, {"configurations": [{"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[a7746ecd4950f85a393136e449a91dac62b5c429,72ce1866622b9329347dc52a94173ac0317bc9cf)"}}], "enrichment": {"confidence": 100.0, "confidence_source": "cna", "scores": [{"score": 100.0, "source": "cna"}]}, "original": {"product": "jose", "source": "cna", "vendor": "potatosalad"}, "product": "jose", "vendor": "potatosalad"}], "created": "2026-10-26T22:52:47.602650+00:00", "updated": "2026-10-27T01:45:13.961029+00:00", "vendors": ["potatosalad", "potatosalad$PRODUCT$jose"], "weaknesses": ["CWE-347"]}