CVE-2026-23351

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The UAF window is wide (between RCU callback completion and pointer swap), making exploitation reliable.\nPR:L - nftables requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, which is obtainable by an unprivileged user via user namespaces (unshare -Urn), as confirmed by netlink_net_capable() checking against the namespace's user_ns.\nUI:N - No user interaction is needed; the attacker creates the nftables rules, elements with expiration, and triggers the commit and packet flow entirely on their own.\nS:U - This is a standard kernel memory corruption vulnerability; it does not cross a security boundary such as a VM or sandbox escape.\nC:H - The use-after-free allows the freed nft_pipapo_elem slab to be reallocated with attacker-controlled content; the packet path reads from the freed structure's nft_set_ext fields, enabling arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - The use-after-free enables heap spraying of the freed element's slab; attacker-controlled data in nft_set_ext offset fields can redirect reads/writes, providing arbitrary write primitives for code execution.\nA:H - The commit message explicitly reports \"soft lockup warnings and RCU stall reports (local denial of service)\" and the UAF itself causes kernel crashes when freed memory is accessed with corrupted contents."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["include/net/netfilter/nf_tables.h", "net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c", "net/netfilter/nft_set_pipapo.c", "net/netfilter/nft_set_pipapo.h"], "versions": [{"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "65ca51b9fb85477ab92a04295aed34b38f7c062e", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "c0f1f85097ac2b6e7d750fe4d05807985cd3fd3a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "16f3595c0441d87dfa005c47d8f95be213afaa9e", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "7864c667aed01a58b87ca518a631322cd0ac34c0", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "c12d570d71920903a1a0468b7d13b085203d0c93", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "500a50a301ce962b019ab95053ac70264fec2c21", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "aff13667708dfa0dce136b8efd81baa9fa6ef261", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "9df95785d3d8302f7c066050117b04cd3c2048c2", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": 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"lessThanOrEqual": "6.19.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "7.0", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.253"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.203"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.167"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.130"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6", 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it is not reachable directly from the network without local shell access.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides: they create nftables sets with expiring elements and trigger commits while sending packets through the rules. The UAF window is wide (between RCU callback completion and pointer swap), making exploitation reliable.\nPR:L - nftables requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, which is obtainable by an unprivileged user via user namespaces (unshare -Urn), as confirmed by netlink_net_capable() checking against the namespace's user_ns.\nUI:N - No user interaction is needed; the attacker creates the nftables rules, elements with expiration, and triggers the commit and packet flow entirely on their own.\nS:U - This is a standard kernel memory corruption vulnerability; it does not cross a security boundary such as a VM or sandbox escape.\nC:H - The use-after-free allows the freed nft_pipapo_elem slab to be reallocated with attacker-controlled content; the packet path reads from the freed structure's nft_set_ext fields, enabling arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - The use-after-free enables heap spraying of the freed element's slab; attacker-controlled data in nft_set_ext offset fields can redirect reads/writes, providing arbitrary write primitives for code execution.\nA:H - The commit message explicitly reports \"soft lockup warnings and RCU stall reports (local denial of service)\" and the UAF itself causes kernel crashes when freed memory is accessed with corrupted contents."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "65ca51b9fb85477ab92a04295aed34b38f7c062e", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "c0f1f85097ac2b6e7d750fe4d05807985cd3fd3a", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": "16f3595c0441d87dfa005c47d8f95be213afaa9e", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da", "lessThan": 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has been resolved:\n\nnetfilter: nft_set_pipapo: split gc into unlink and reclaim phase\n\nYiming Qian reports Use-after-free in the pipapo set type:\n Under a large number of expired elements, commit-time GC can run for a very\n long time in a non-preemptible context, triggering soft lockup warnings and\n RCU stall reports (local denial of service).\n\nWe must split GC in an unlink and a reclaim phase.\n\nWe cannot queue elements for freeing until pointers have been swapped.\nExpired elements are still exposed to both the packet path and userspace\ndumpers via the live copy of the data structure.\n\ncall_rcu() does not protect us: dump operations or element lookups starting\nafter call_rcu has fired can still observe the free'd element, unless the\ncommit phase has made enough progress to swap the clone and live pointers\nbefore any new reader has picked up the old version.\n\nThis a similar approach as done recently for the rbtree backend in commit\n35f83a75529a (\"netfilter: nft_set_rbtree: don't gc elements on insert\")."}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.253", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.203", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.167", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.130", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.77", "versionStartIncluding": "5.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.18.17", "versionStartIncluding": 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via the live copy of the data structure.\n\ncall_rcu() does not protect us: dump operations or element lookups starting\nafter call_rcu has fired can still observe the free'd element, unless the\ncommit phase has made enough progress to swap the clone and live pointers\nbefore any new reader has picked up the old version.\n\nThis a similar approach as done recently for the rbtree backend in commit\n35f83a75529a (\"netfilter: nft_set_rbtree: don't gc elements on insert\")."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, la siguiente vulnerabilidad ha sido resuelta:\n\nnetfilter: nft_set_pipapo: dividir la recolecci\u00f3n de basura en una fase de desvinculaci\u00f3n y una fase de recuperaci\u00f3n\n\nYiming Qian informa de un uso despu\u00e9s de liberaci\u00f3n en el tipo de conjunto pipapo:\nBajo un gran n\u00famero de elementos caducados, la recolecci\u00f3n de basura en tiempo de commit puede ejecutarse durante mucho tiempo en un contexto no preemptivo, lo que desencadena advertencias de soft lockup e informes de bloqueo de RCU (denegaci\u00f3n de servicio local).\n\nDebemos dividir la recolecci\u00f3n de basura en una fase de desvinculaci\u00f3n y una de recuperaci\u00f3n.\n\nNo podemos poner en cola elementos para su liberaci\u00f3n hasta que los punteros hayan sido intercambiados.\nLos elementos caducados todav\u00eda est\u00e1n expuestos tanto a la ruta de paquetes como a los volcadores del espacio de usuario a trav\u00e9s de la copia activa de la estructura de datos.\n\ncall_rcu() no nos protege: las operaciones de volcado o las b\u00fasquedas de elementos que comienzan despu\u00e9s de que call_rcu se haya activado a\u00fan pueden observar el elemento liberado, a menos que la fase de commit haya progresado lo suficiente como para intercambiar los punteros de clonaci\u00f3n y activos antes de que cualquier nuevo lector haya tomado la versi\u00f3n antigua.\n\nEste es un enfoque similar al realizado recientemente para el backend rbtree en el commit 35f83a75529a ('netfilter: nft_set_rbtree: no recolectar elementos en la inserci\u00f3n')."}], "id": "CVE-2026-23351", "lastModified": "2026-11-10T13:18:42.443", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2026-23351", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "total"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2026-10-16T15:07:31.011811Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2026-03-25T11:16:33.450", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/16f3595c0441d87dfa005c47d8f95be213afaa9e"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/500a50a301ce962b019ab95053ac70264fec2c21"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65ca51b9fb85477ab92a04295aed34b38f7c062e"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7864c667aed01a58b87ca518a631322cd0ac34c0"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9df95785d3d8302f7c066050117b04cd3c2048c2"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/aff13667708dfa0dce136b8efd81baa9fa6ef261"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c0f1f85097ac2b6e7d750fe4d05807985cd3fd3a"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c12d570d71920903a1a0468b7d13b085203d0c93"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-019113.html"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-082556.html"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-457936.html"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-784472.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-416"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}, {"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-416"}], "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "type": "Secondary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: netfilter: nft_set_pipapo: split gc into unlink and reclaim phase", "id": "2451254", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2451254"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "5.5", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "cwe": "CWE-825", "details": ["A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's netfilter component, specifically within the `nft_set_pipapo` module. A local attacker could exploit a use-after-free vulnerability when a large number of expired elements are present. This can cause the garbage collection (GC) process to run for an extended period in a non-preemptible context, leading to soft lockup warnings and RCU (Read-Copy-Update) stall reports, resulting in a local denial of service."], "name": "CVE-2026-23351", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2026-03-25T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-23351\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23351\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2026032536-CVE-2026-23351-637f@gregkh/T"], "statement": "This flaw affects nftables firewall configurations using pipapo sets (e.g., for IP range matching). When many elements expire simultaneously, GC can cause soft lockups and RCU stalls. The UAF occurs because freed elements remain visible to packet path and dump operations during the clone/live pointer swap window.", "threat_severity": "Moderate"}

{"affected": [{"configurations": [{"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da,16f3595c0441d87dfa005c47d8f95be213afaa9e)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da,7864c667aed01a58b87ca518a631322cd0ac34c0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da,c12d570d71920903a1a0468b7d13b085203d0c93)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da,500a50a301ce962b019ab95053ac70264fec2c21)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da,aff13667708dfa0dce136b8efd81baa9fa6ef261)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "code_commit", "value": "[3c4287f62044a90e73a561aa05fc46e62da173da,9df95785d3d8302f7c066050117b04cd3c2048c2)"}}], "enrichment": {"confidence": 99.0, "confidence_source": "inferred", "scores": [{"score": 99.0, "source": "inferred"}, {"score": 100.0, "source": "matching"}]}, "original": {"product": "Linux", "source": "cna", "vendor": "Linux"}, "product": "linux_kernel", "vendor": "linux"}, {"configurations": [{"platform": null, "status": "affected", "versions": {"scheme": "generic", "value": "5.6"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "generic", "value": "[0,5.6)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.1.167,6.2.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.6.130,6.7.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.12.77,6.13.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.18.17,6.19.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[6.19.7,6.20.0)"}}, {"platform": null, "status": "unaffected", "versions": {"scheme": "semver", "value": "[7.0-rc3,*]"}}], "enrichment": {"confidence": 99.0, "confidence_source": "inferred", "scores": [{"score": 99.0, "source": "inferred"}, {"score": 100.0, "source": "matching"}]}, "original": {"product": "Linux", "source": "cna", "vendor": "Linux"}, "product": "linux_kernel", "vendor": "linux"}], "analysis": {"en": {"generated_at": "2026-04-28T17:07:30.258078+00:00", "value": {"mitigation_remediation": ["Apply the kernel update that includes the CVE\u20112026\u201123351 fix.", "Reboot the system to activate the updated kernel.", "If a patch is not yet available, monitor kernel logs for soft lockup or RCU stall warnings and consider disabling or limiting the use of the pipapo set type until the fix is released."], "summary": {"action": "Patch", "impact": "Local Denial of Service"}, "threat_synthesis": {"affected_systems": "The flaw resides in the core Linux kernel and affects all Linux distributions that ship an unpatched kernel. No specific kernel version range is listed, so users must check whether their current kernel includes the highlighted patch, typically available in recent releases from the mainline kernel series.", "description_and_impact": "The Linux kernel\u2019s nft_set_pipapo set type contains a use\u2011after\u2011free bug identified as CWE\u2011416 and CWE\u2011825. When many elements expire, the garbage\u2011collection routine can run for an extended period while the kernel is in a non\u2011preemptible context, allowing the freed memory to be accessed afterward. This condition triggers soft lockup warnings and RCU stall reports, effectively hanging the system and denying local functionality.", "risk_and_exploitability": "The CVSS score of 7.8 signals a high severity, yet the EPSS score is below 1\u202f% and the vulnerability is not in the CISA KEV catalog, indicating a low current exploitation likelihood. Exploitation requires local or privileged access to manipulate the pipapo set type and force many entries to expire. The attack vector is inferred to be local, needing kernel\u2011level privileges; an attacker would trigger the long GC run to cause service denial."}}}}, "created": "2026-03-25T21:32:04.027394+00:00", "updated": "2026-04-28T17:15:21.243470+00:00", "vendors": ["linux", "linux$PRODUCT$linux_kernel"]}