CVE-2025-4235

{"dataType": "CVE_RECORD", "dataVersion": "5.2", "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-4235", "assignerOrgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0", "state": "PUBLISHED", "assignerShortName": "palo_alto", "dateReserved": "2025-05-02T19:10:50.812Z", "datePublished": "2025-09-12T17:16:53.868Z", "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T17:48:38.530Z"}, "containers": {"cna": {"affected": [{"defaultStatus": "unaffected", "platforms": ["Windows"], "product": "User-ID Credential Agent", "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks", "versions": [{"changes": [{"at": "11.0.2-133", "status": "affected"}, {"at": "11.0.3", "status": "unaffected"}], "lessThan": "11.0.2-133", "status": "unaffected", "version": "11.0.0", "versionType": "custom"}]}], "credits": [{"lang": "en", "type": "finder", "value": "Palo Alto Networks thanks an external reporter for discovering and reporting this issue."}], "datePublic": "2025-09-10T16:00:00.000Z", "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "supportingMedia": [{"base64": false, "type": "text/html", "value": "An information exposure vulnerability in the Palo Alto Networks User-ID Credential Agent (Windows-based) can expose the service account password under specific non-default configurations. This allows an unprivileged Domain User to escalate privileges by exploiting the account\u2019s permissions. The impact varies by configuration:<br><ul><li>Minimally Privileged Accounts: Enable disruption of User-ID Credential Agent operations (e.g., uninstalling or disabling the agent service), weakening network security policies that leverage <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention\">Credential Phishing Prevention</a> under a <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/methods-to-check-for-corporate-credential-submissions\">Domain Credential Filter</a> configuration.</li><li>Elevated Accounts (Server Operator, Domain Join, Legacy Features): Permit increased impacts, including server control (e.g., shutdown/restart), domain manipulation (e.g., rogue computer objects), and network compromise via reconnaissance or client probing.&nbsp;</li></ul>"}], "value": "An information exposure vulnerability in the Palo Alto Networks User-ID Credential Agent (Windows-based) can expose the service account password under specific non-default configurations. This allows an unprivileged Domain User to escalate privileges by exploiting the account\u2019s permissions. The impact varies by configuration:\n * Minimally Privileged Accounts: Enable disruption of User-ID Credential Agent operations (e.g., uninstalling or disabling the agent service), weakening network security policies that leverage Credential Phishing Prevention https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention under a Domain Credential Filter https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/methods-to-check-for-corporate-credential-submissions configuration.\n * Elevated Accounts (Server Operator, Domain Join, Legacy Features): Permit increased impacts, including server control (e.g., shutdown/restart), domain manipulation (e.g., rogue computer objects), and network compromise via reconnaissance or client probing."}], "exploits": [{"lang": "en", "supportingMedia": [{"base64": false, "type": "text/html", "value": "Palo Alto Networks is not aware of any malicious exploitation of this issue."}], "value": "Palo Alto Networks is not aware of any malicious exploitation of this issue."}], "impacts": [{"capecId": "CAPEC-37", "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CAPEC-37: Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data"}]}], "metrics": [{"cvssV4_0": {"Automatable": "NO", "Recovery": "USER", "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackRequirements": "PRESENT", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "baseScore": 7.2, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "providerUrgency": "AMBER", "subAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH", "subConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "subIntegrityImpact": "HIGH", "userInteraction": "NONE", "valueDensity": "DIFFUSE", "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:L/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/AU:N/R:U/V:D/RE:M/U:Amber", "version": "4.0", "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW", "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW", "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "MODERATE"}, "format": "CVSS", "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "Elevated Service Accounts"}]}, {"cvssV4_0": {"Automatable": "NO", "Recovery": "USER", "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackRequirements": "PRESENT", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "baseScore": 5.8, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "providerUrgency": "AMBER", "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE", "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE", "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE", "userInteraction": "NONE", "valueDensity": "DIFFUSE", "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/AU:N/R:U/V:D/RE:M/U:Amber", "version": "4.0", "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW", "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE", "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "MODERATE"}, "format": "CVSS", "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "Minimally Privileged Service Account"}]}], "problemTypes": [{"descriptions": [{"cweId": "CWE-497", "description": "CWE-497 Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere", "lang": "en", "type": "CWE"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0", "shortName": "palo_alto", "dateUpdated": "2025-09-12T17:16:53.868Z"}, "references": [{"tags": ["vendor-advisory"], "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4235"}], "solutions": [{"lang": "eng", "supportingMedia": [{"base64": false, "type": "text/html", "value": "<table class=\"tbl\"><thead><tr><th>Version<br></th><th>Minor Version<br></th><th>Suggested Solution<br></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>User-ID Credential Agent 11.0 on Windows<br></td><td>11.0.2-133</td><td>Upgrade to 11.0.3 or later</td></tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>11.0.0 through 11.0.1-104</td><td>No action needed.</td></tr></tbody></table>"}], "value": "Version\nMinor Version\nSuggested Solution\nUser-ID Credential Agent 11.0 on Windows\n11.0.2-133Upgrade to 11.0.3 or later\u00a011.0.0 through 11.0.1-104No action needed."}], "source": {"defect": ["WINAGENT-1130"], "discovery": "EXTERNAL"}, "timeline": [{"lang": "en", "time": "2025-09-10T16:00:00.000Z", "value": "Initial Publication"}], "title": "User-ID Credential Agent: Cleartext Exposure of Service Account password", "workarounds": [{"lang": "eng", "supportingMedia": [{"base64": false, "type": "text/html", "value": "<ul><li>By default, Domain Users cannot log in to Domain Controllers. However, this can be changed through Group Policy. To reduce privilege escalation risks, review the \"Allow log on locally\" setting in the Default Domain Controllers Policy and remove any Domain Users listed there. Windows Server 2019 and 2022 path:<ul><li>Group Policy Management &gt; Domain Controllers &gt; Select GPO (Edit) &gt; Computer Configuration &gt; Policies &gt; Windows Settings &gt; Security Settings &gt; Local Policies &gt; User Rights Assignment &gt; \"Allow log on locally\".<br></li></ul></li><li>Refer to the \"<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/pan-os/9-1/pan-os-admin/user-id/map-ip-addresses-to-users/create-a-dedicated-service-account-for-the-user-id-agent\">Create a Dedicated Service Account for the User-ID Agent</a>\" and \"<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/configure-credential-detection-with-the-windows-based-user-id-agent\">Configure Credential Detection with the Windows User-ID Agent</a>\" guidelines to ensure service accounts are configured with appropriate permissions and restrictions.</li></ul>"}], "value": "* By default, Domain Users cannot log in to Domain Controllers. However, this can be changed through Group Policy. To reduce privilege escalation risks, review the \"Allow log on locally\" setting in the Default Domain Controllers Policy and remove any Domain Users listed there. Windows Server 2019 and 2022 path: * Group Policy Management > Domain Controllers > Select GPO (Edit) > Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment > \"Allow log on locally\".\n\n\n\n\n * Refer to the \" Create a Dedicated Service Account for the User-ID Agent https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/pan-os/9-1/pan-os-admin/user-id/map-ip-addresses-to-users/create-a-dedicated-service-account-for-the-user-id-agent \" and \" Configure Credential Detection with the Windows User-ID Agent https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/configure-credential-detection-with-the-windows-based-user-id-agent \" guidelines to ensure service accounts are configured with appropriate permissions and restrictions."}], "x_affectedList": ["User-ID Credential Agent 11.0.2"], "x_generator": {"engine": "Vulnogram 0.1.0-dev"}}, "adp": [{"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2025-4235", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "total"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2025-09-13T03:55:33.275444Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T17:48:38.530Z"}}]}}

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However, this can be changed through Group Policy. To reduce privilege escalation risks, review the \"Allow log on locally\" setting in the Default Domain Controllers Policy and remove any Domain Users listed there. Windows Server 2019 and 2022 path: * Group Policy Management > Domain Controllers > Select GPO (Edit) > Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment > \"Allow log on locally\".\n\n\n\n\n * Refer to the \" Create a Dedicated Service Account for the User-ID Agent https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/pan-os/9-1/pan-os-admin/user-id/map-ip-addresses-to-users/create-a-dedicated-service-account-for-the-user-id-agent \" and \" Configure Credential Detection with the Windows User-ID Agent https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/configure-credential-detection-with-the-windows-based-user-id-agent \" guidelines to ensure service accounts are configured with appropriate permissions and restrictions.", "supportingMedia": [{"type": "text/html", "value": "<ul><li>By default, Domain Users cannot log in to Domain Controllers. However, this can be changed through Group Policy. To reduce privilege escalation risks, review the \"Allow log on locally\" setting in the Default Domain Controllers Policy and remove any Domain Users listed there. Windows Server 2019 and 2022 path:<ul><li>Group Policy Management &gt; Domain Controllers &gt; Select GPO (Edit) &gt; Computer Configuration &gt; Policies &gt; Windows Settings &gt; Security Settings &gt; Local Policies &gt; User Rights Assignment &gt; \"Allow log on locally\".<br></li></ul></li><li>Refer to the \"<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/pan-os/9-1/pan-os-admin/user-id/map-ip-addresses-to-users/create-a-dedicated-service-account-for-the-user-id-agent\">Create a Dedicated Service Account for the User-ID Agent</a>\" and \"<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/configure-credential-detection-with-the-windows-based-user-id-agent\">Configure Credential Detection with the Windows User-ID Agent</a>\" guidelines to ensure service accounts are configured with appropriate permissions and restrictions.</li></ul>", "base64": false}]}], "x_generator": {"engine": "Vulnogram 0.1.0-dev"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "An information exposure vulnerability in the Palo Alto Networks User-ID Credential Agent (Windows-based) can expose the service account password under specific non-default configurations. This allows an unprivileged Domain User to escalate privileges by exploiting the account\u2019s permissions. The impact varies by configuration:\n * Minimally Privileged Accounts: Enable disruption of User-ID Credential Agent operations (e.g., uninstalling or disabling the agent service), weakening network security policies that leverage Credential Phishing Prevention https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention under a Domain Credential Filter https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/methods-to-check-for-corporate-credential-submissions configuration.\n * Elevated Accounts (Server Operator, Domain Join, Legacy Features): Permit increased impacts, including server control (e.g., shutdown/restart), domain manipulation (e.g., rogue computer objects), and network compromise via reconnaissance or client probing.", "supportingMedia": [{"type": "text/html", "value": "An information exposure vulnerability in the Palo Alto Networks User-ID Credential Agent (Windows-based) can expose the service account password under specific non-default configurations. This allows an unprivileged Domain User to escalate privileges by exploiting the account\u2019s permissions. The impact varies by configuration:<br><ul><li>Minimally Privileged Accounts: Enable disruption of User-ID Credential Agent operations (e.g., uninstalling or disabling the agent service), weakening network security policies that leverage <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention\">Credential Phishing Prevention</a> under a <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/methods-to-check-for-corporate-credential-submissions\">Domain Credential Filter</a> configuration.</li><li>Elevated Accounts (Server Operator, Domain Join, Legacy Features): Permit increased impacts, including server control (e.g., shutdown/restart), domain manipulation (e.g., rogue computer objects), and network compromise via reconnaissance or client probing.&nbsp;</li></ul>", "base64": false}]}], "problemTypes": [{"descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "type": "CWE", "cweId": "CWE-497", "description": "CWE-497 Exposure of Sensitive System Information to an Unauthorized Control Sphere"}]}], "x_affectedList": ["User-ID Credential Agent 11.0.2"], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0", "shortName": "palo_alto", "dateUpdated": "2025-09-12T17:16:53.868Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-4235", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T17:48:38.530Z", "dateReserved": "2025-05-02T19:10:50.812Z", "assignerOrgId": "d6c1279f-00f6-4ef7-9217-f89ffe703ec0", "datePublished": "2025-09-12T17:16:53.868Z", "assignerShortName": "palo_alto"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

{"affected": [{"affectedData": [{"defaultStatus": "unaffected", "platforms": ["Windows"], "product": "User-ID Credential Agent", "vendor": "Palo Alto Networks", "versions": [{"changes": [{"at": "11.0.2-133", "status": "affected"}, {"at": "11.0.3", "status": "unaffected"}], "lessThan": "11.0.2-133", "status": "unaffected", "version": "11.0.0", "versionType": "custom"}]}], "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com"}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "An information exposure vulnerability in the Palo Alto Networks User-ID Credential Agent (Windows-based) can expose the service account password under specific non-default configurations. This allows an unprivileged Domain User to escalate privileges by exploiting the account\u2019s permissions. The impact varies by configuration:\n * Minimally Privileged Accounts: Enable disruption of User-ID Credential Agent operations (e.g., uninstalling or disabling the agent service), weakening network security policies that leverage Credential Phishing Prevention https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention under a Domain Credential Filter https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/advanced-url-filtering/administration/url-filtering-features/credential-phishing-prevention/methods-to-check-for-corporate-credential-submissions configuration.\n * Elevated Accounts (Server Operator, Domain Join, Legacy Features): Permit increased impacts, including server control (e.g., shutdown/restart), domain manipulation (e.g., rogue computer objects), and network compromise via reconnaissance or client probing."}], "id": "CVE-2025-4235", "lastModified": "2026-06-17T09:32:50.293", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV40": [{"cvssData": {"Automatable": "NO", "Recovery": "USER", "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED", "attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackRequirements": "PRESENT", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "baseScore": 7.2, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED", "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "providerUrgency": "AMBER", "subAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH", "subConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "subIntegrityImpact": "HIGH", "userInteraction": "NONE", "valueDensity": "DIFFUSE", "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:L/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:N/R:U/V:D/RE:M/U:Amber", "version": "4.0", "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW", "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW", "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "MODERATE"}, "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com", "type": "Secondary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2025-4235", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "total"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2025-09-13T03:55:33.275444Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2025-09-12T18:15:34.373", "references": [{"source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com", "url": "https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4235"}], "sourceIdentifier": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com", "vulnStatus": "Deferred", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-497"}], "source": "psirt@paloaltonetworks.com", "type": "Secondary"}]}

{}

{"created": "2025-09-15T10:43:39.595286+00:00", "updated": "2025-09-15T10:43:39.595337+00:00", "vendors": ["microsoft", "microsoft$PRODUCT$windows", "palo_alto", "palo_alto$PRODUCT$networks", "paloaltonetworks", "paloaltonetworks$PRODUCT$user-id_credential_agent"]}