CVE-2025-40169

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However, because 'insn->off' is\nsigned, this check incorrectly accepts all negative values (e.g., -1).\n\nThis commit tightens the validation by changing the condition to\n'(insn->off != 0 && insn->off != 1)'. This ensures that any value\nother than the explicitly permitted 0 and 1 is rejected, hardening the\nverifier against malformed BPF programs."}], "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable code is reached through the local `bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD)` syscall, which invokes `bpf_check()` \u2192 `do_check()` \u2192 `check_alu_op()`. Although the resulting program later executes on packet receive, loading the malformed instruction requires local system access.\nAC:L - Exploitation is fully deterministic: emit a `BPF_DIV`/`BPF_MOD` instruction with `off = -1`, set the dividend to `LLONG_MIN` and the divisor to `-1`, and run it. There is no race, no timing window, and no dependence on memory layout or system state the attacker cannot control.\nPR:L - `sysctl_unprivileged_bpf_disabled` defaults to 0 unless `CONFIG_BPF_UNPRIV_DEFAULT_OFF` is built in (Android and many embedded/distro configs leave it enabled), and `kernel/bpf/syscall.c:2941` explicitly permits `BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER` and `BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB` loads with no `bpf_cap`; the program is then triggered via `SO_ATTACH_BPF` on the attacker's own socket. Where unprivileged BPF is disabled, `bpf_token_capable()` grants `ns_capable()`-level CAP_BPF inside a delegated user namespace, so real root is never required.\nUI:N - The attacker loads and triggers the BPF program entirely on their own, by attaching it to a socket they own and sending themselves a packet. No victim action of any kind is involved.\nS:U - The verifier bypass, the JIT'd signed division, and the resulting fault all occur within the kernel's own security authority. No VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary is crossed.\nC:H - On the s390 JIT the `switch (off)` in the DIV/MOD handlers has no default, so no divide instruction is emitted while the trailing `lgr %dst,%rc` still executes, copying the uninitialized kernel scratch register `%r0`/`%r1` \u2014 potentially a kernel pointer \u2014 into a BPF register that the program can write to a map and read from userspace, repeatably and at attacker-chosen program points. The x86 divide-error oops additionally dumps full register and stack state, defeating KASLR.\nI:H - The verifier accepts an instruction whose runtime semantics it never models \u2014 the JIT executes a signed division while the fixup layer applies only the unsigned guards, and on s390 uncontrolled kernel register contents are injected into verified program state. This is a verifier validation bypass in which JIT-emitted code and the verifier's model of that code diverge, so integrity of the sandbox's guarantees is not preserved.\nA:H - Because `is_sdiv`/`is_smod` in `do_misc_fixups()` test `insn->off == 1`, the `LLONG_MIN sdiv -1` overflow guards are skipped while the x86-64 JIT still emits `cqo; idiv`, producing a #DE with no exception-table entry \u2014 `do_trap()` reaches `die(\"divide error\")`, oopsing the kernel. Triggered from a socket-filter/tc/XDP program this fires in softirq context, yielding \"Fatal exception in interrupt\" and a full system panic."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["kernel/bpf/verifier.c"], "versions": [{"version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "3bce44b344040e5eef3d64d38b157c15304c0aab", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "5017c302ca4b2a45149ad64e058fa2d5623c068f", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "21167bf70dbe400563e189ac632258d35eda38b5", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "55c0ced59fe17dee34e9dfd5f7be63cbab207758", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["kernel/bpf/verifier.c"], "versions": [{"version": "6.6", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "6.6", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.112", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12.53", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.17.3", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.17.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.18", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.112"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.53"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6", "versionEndExcluding": "6.17.3"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6", "versionEndExcluding": "6.18"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3bce44b344040e5eef3d64d38b157c15304c0aab"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5017c302ca4b2a45149ad64e058fa2d5623c068f"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/21167bf70dbe400563e189ac632258d35eda38b5"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/55c0ced59fe17dee34e9dfd5f7be63cbab207758"}], "title": "bpf: Reject negative offsets for ALU ops", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2025-40169", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "total"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:57:30.151635Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:39.320Z"}}]}}

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Although the resulting program later executes on packet receive, loading the malformed instruction requires local system access.\nAC:L - Exploitation is fully deterministic: emit a `BPF_DIV`/`BPF_MOD` instruction with `off = -1`, set the dividend to `LLONG_MIN` and the divisor to `-1`, and run it. There is no race, no timing window, and no dependence on memory layout or system state the attacker cannot control.\nPR:L - `sysctl_unprivileged_bpf_disabled` defaults to 0 unless `CONFIG_BPF_UNPRIV_DEFAULT_OFF` is built in (Android and many embedded/distro configs leave it enabled), and `kernel/bpf/syscall.c:2941` explicitly permits `BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER` and `BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB` loads with no `bpf_cap`; the program is then triggered via `SO_ATTACH_BPF` on the attacker's own socket. Where unprivileged BPF is disabled, `bpf_token_capable()` grants `ns_capable()`-level CAP_BPF inside a delegated user namespace, so real root is never required.\nUI:N - The attacker loads and triggers the BPF program entirely on their own, by attaching it to a socket they own and sending themselves a packet. No victim action of any kind is involved.\nS:U - The verifier bypass, the JIT'd signed division, and the resulting fault all occur within the kernel's own security authority. No VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary is crossed.\nC:H - On the s390 JIT the `switch (off)` in the DIV/MOD handlers has no default, so no divide instruction is emitted while the trailing `lgr %dst,%rc` still executes, copying the uninitialized kernel scratch register `%r0`/`%r1` \u2014 potentially a kernel pointer \u2014 into a BPF register that the program can write to a map and read from userspace, repeatably and at attacker-chosen program points. The x86 divide-error oops additionally dumps full register and stack state, defeating KASLR.\nI:H - The verifier accepts an instruction whose runtime semantics it never models \u2014 the JIT executes a signed division while the fixup layer applies only the unsigned guards, and on s390 uncontrolled kernel register contents are injected into verified program state. This is a verifier validation bypass in which JIT-emitted code and the verifier's model of that code diverge, so integrity of the sandbox's guarantees is not preserved.\nA:H - Because `is_sdiv`/`is_smod` in `do_misc_fixups()` test `insn->off == 1`, the `LLONG_MIN sdiv -1` overflow guards are skipped while the x86-64 JIT still emits `cqo; idiv`, producing a #DE with no exception-table entry \u2014 `do_trap()` reaches `die(\"divide error\")`, oopsing the kernel. Triggered from a socket-filter/tc/XDP program this fires in softirq context, yielding \"Fatal exception in interrupt\" and a full system panic."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "3bce44b344040e5eef3d64d38b157c15304c0aab", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "5017c302ca4b2a45149ad64e058fa2d5623c068f", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "21167bf70dbe400563e189ac632258d35eda38b5", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "lessThan": "55c0ced59fe17dee34e9dfd5f7be63cbab207758", "versionType": "git"}], "programFiles": ["kernel/bpf/verifier.c"], "defaultStatus": "unaffected"}, {"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "6.6"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "6.6", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.112", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.53", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.17.3", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.17.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.18", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}], "programFiles": ["kernel/bpf/verifier.c"], "defaultStatus": "affected"}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3bce44b344040e5eef3d64d38b157c15304c0aab"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5017c302ca4b2a45149ad64e058fa2d5623c068f"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/21167bf70dbe400563e189ac632258d35eda38b5"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/55c0ced59fe17dee34e9dfd5f7be63cbab207758"}], "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Reject negative offsets for ALU ops\n\nWhen verifying BPF programs, the check_alu_op() function validates\ninstructions with ALU operations. The 'offset' field in these\ninstructions is a signed 16-bit integer.\n\nThe existing check 'insn->off > 1' was intended to ensure the offset is\neither 0, or 1 for BPF_MOD/BPF_DIV. However, because 'insn->off' is\nsigned, this check incorrectly accepts all negative values (e.g., -1).\n\nThis commit tightens the validation by changing the condition to\n'(insn->off != 0 && insn->off != 1)'. This ensures that any value\nother than the explicitly permitted 0 and 1 is rejected, hardening the\nverifier against malformed BPF programs."}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.112", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.53", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.17.3", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.18", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6"}], "operator": "OR"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:08:14.652Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-40169", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:39.320Z", "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.176Z", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "datePublished": "2025-11-12T10:46:51.736Z", "assignerShortName": "Linux"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

{"affected": [{"affectedData": [{"defaultStatus": "unaffected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["kernel/bpf/verifier.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"lessThan": "3bce44b344040e5eef3d64d38b157c15304c0aab", "status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "5017c302ca4b2a45149ad64e058fa2d5623c068f", "status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "21167bf70dbe400563e189ac632258d35eda38b5", "status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "55c0ced59fe17dee34e9dfd5f7be63cbab207758", "status": "affected", "version": "ec0e2da95f72d4a46050a4d994e4fe471474fd80", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"defaultStatus": "affected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["kernel/bpf/verifier.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "6.6"}, {"lessThan": "6.6", "status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.112", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.53", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.17.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.17.3", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.18", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Reject negative offsets for ALU ops\n\nWhen verifying BPF programs, the check_alu_op() function validates\ninstructions with ALU operations. The 'offset' field in these\ninstructions is a signed 16-bit integer.\n\nThe existing check 'insn->off > 1' was intended to ensure the offset is\neither 0, or 1 for BPF_MOD/BPF_DIV. However, because 'insn->off' is\nsigned, this check incorrectly accepts all negative values (e.g., -1).\n\nThis commit tightens the validation by changing the condition to\n'(insn->off != 0 && insn->off != 1)'. This ensures that any value\nother than the explicitly permitted 0 and 1 is rejected, hardening the\nverifier against malformed BPF programs."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, la siguiente vulnerabilidad ha sido resuelta:\n\nbpf: Rechazar offsets negativos para operaciones ALU\n\nAl verificar programas BPF, la funci\u00f3n check_alu_op() valida instrucciones con operaciones ALU. El campo 'offset' en estas instrucciones es un entero con signo de 16 bits.\n\nLa comprobaci\u00f3n existente 'insn->off > 1' ten\u00eda la intenci\u00f3n de asegurar que el offset sea 0 o 1 para BPF_MOD/BPF_DIV. Sin embargo, debido a que 'insn->off' tiene signo, esta comprobaci\u00f3n acepta incorrectamente todos los valores negativos (p. ej., -1).\n\nEste commit endurece la validaci\u00f3n al cambiar la condici\u00f3n a '(insn->off != 0 && insn->off != 1)'. Esto asegura que cualquier valor distinto de los 0 y 1 expl\u00edcitamente permitidos sea rechazado, endureciendo el verificador contra programas BPF malformados."}], "id": "CVE-2025-40169", "lastModified": "2026-10-19T21:10:00.160", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2025-40169", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "total"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:57:30.151635Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2025-11-12T11:15:47.270", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/21167bf70dbe400563e189ac632258d35eda38b5"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3bce44b344040e5eef3d64d38b157c15304c0aab"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5017c302ca4b2a45149ad64e058fa2d5623c068f"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/55c0ced59fe17dee34e9dfd5f7be63cbab207758"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Deferred"}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: bpf: Reject negative offsets for ALU ops", "id": "2414474", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2414474"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "5.5", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nbpf: Reject negative offsets for ALU ops\nWhen verifying BPF programs, the check_alu_op() function validates\ninstructions with ALU operations. The 'offset' field in these\ninstructions is a signed 16-bit integer.\nThe existing check 'insn->off > 1' was intended to ensure the offset is\neither 0, or 1 for BPF_MOD/BPF_DIV. However, because 'insn->off' is\nsigned, this check incorrectly accepts all negative values (e.g., -1).\nThis commit tightens the validation by changing the condition to\n'(insn->off != 0 && insn->off != 1)'. This ensures that any value\nother than the explicitly permitted 0 and 1 is rejected, hardening the\nverifier against malformed BPF programs."], "name": "CVE-2025-40169", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2025-11-12T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-40169\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-40169\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2025111259-CVE-2025-40169-c29b@gregkh/T"], "threat_severity": "Low"}

{"created": "2025-11-12T22:12:34.071989+00:00", "updated": "2025-11-12T22:12:34.072014+00:00", "vendors": ["linux", "linux$PRODUCT$linux_kernel"]}