CVE-2025-39965

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Although the dangling byspi entry can subsequently be dereferenced by a received ESP/AH packet, creating the SPI-0 state requires the local netlink path.\nAC:L - The attacker deterministically triggers the bug by requesting min=max=0, which verify_spi_info() accepts, then deleting the state via DELSA/FLUSHSA; there is no race, no memory-layout dependency, and no non-default config beyond ubiquitous CONFIG_XFRM_USER.\nPR:L - xfrm_user_rcv_msg() gates on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against the net namespace's user_ns, so any unprivileged user obtains it via \"unshare -Urn\". This is Low, not High.\nUI:N - The full sequence \u2014 allocate SPI 0, delete the state, re-walk the byspi hash \u2014 is performed entirely by the attacker's own process with no victim action required.\nS:U - The freed xfrm_state and the corrupted hash list both live in the kernel's own security authority; this is standard kernel memory corruption with no VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary crossed.\nC:H - The dangling xfrm_state remains in a global RCU hash and is read back and returned as a live SA, so a reclaimed object leaks adjacent heap contents and crypto/key state, and the UAF can be escalated into an arbitrary kernel read primitive.\nI:H - Walkers perform refcount_inc_not_zero on the freed object (a write to freed memory) and then use it as a live SA whose type/mode function-pointer fields the attacker can control by re-spraying the xfrm_state slab, yielding control-flow hijack and arbitrary write.\nA:H - Dereferencing the freed state during byspi traversal, hash resize, or netns teardown (WARN_ON(!hlist_empty())) reliably produces a KASAN-detected use-after-free, list corruption, and kernel panic."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"], "versions": [{"version": "3d8090bb53424432fa788fe9a49e8ceca74f0544", "lessThan": "0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "2fc5b54368a1bf1d2d74b4d3b8eea5309a653e38", "lessThan": "9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe", "lessThan": "a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299", "lessThan": "cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "fb58962aa3b9359988c7b5b15a971fd9ad5b0ecd", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "6.1.191", "lessThan": "6.2", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.15.11", "lessThan": "6.16", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"], "versions": [{"version": "6.6.103", "lessThan": "6.6.109", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12.43", "lessThan": "6.12.50", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.16.2", "lessThan": "6.16.10", "status": "affected", "versionType": "semver"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.103", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.109"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.12.43", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.50"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.16.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.16.10"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.191"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.15.11"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9"}], "title": "xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn't use 0 as SPI", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2025-39965", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "total"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:55:18.566568Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:34.319Z"}}]}}

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Although the dangling byspi entry can subsequently be dereferenced by a received ESP/AH packet, creating the SPI-0 state requires the local netlink path.\nAC:L - The attacker deterministically triggers the bug by requesting min=max=0, which verify_spi_info() accepts, then deleting the state via DELSA/FLUSHSA; there is no race, no memory-layout dependency, and no non-default config beyond ubiquitous CONFIG_XFRM_USER.\nPR:L - xfrm_user_rcv_msg() gates on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against the net namespace's user_ns, so any unprivileged user obtains it via \"unshare -Urn\". This is Low, not High.\nUI:N - The full sequence \u2014 allocate SPI 0, delete the state, re-walk the byspi hash \u2014 is performed entirely by the attacker's own process with no victim action required.\nS:U - The freed xfrm_state and the corrupted hash list both live in the kernel's own security authority; this is standard kernel memory corruption with no VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary crossed.\nC:H - The dangling xfrm_state remains in a global RCU hash and is read back and returned as a live SA, so a reclaimed object leaks adjacent heap contents and crypto/key state, and the UAF can be escalated into an arbitrary kernel read primitive.\nI:H - Walkers perform refcount_inc_not_zero on the freed object (a write to freed memory) and then use it as a live SA whose type/mode function-pointer fields the attacker can control by re-spraying the xfrm_state slab, yielding control-flow hijack and arbitrary write.\nA:H - Dereferencing the freed state during byspi traversal, hash resize, or netns teardown (WARN_ON(!hlist_empty())) reliably produces a KASAN-detected use-after-free, list corruption, and kernel panic."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "3d8090bb53424432fa788fe9a49e8ceca74f0544", "lessThan": "0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "2fc5b54368a1bf1d2d74b4d3b8eea5309a653e38", "lessThan": "9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe", "lessThan": "a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299", "lessThan": "cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "fb58962aa3b9359988c7b5b15a971fd9ad5b0ecd", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.1.191", "lessThan": "6.2", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.15.11", "lessThan": "6.16", "versionType": "semver"}], "programFiles": ["net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"], "defaultStatus": "unaffected"}, {"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "6.6.103", "lessThan": "6.6.109", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.12.43", "lessThan": "6.12.50", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "6.16.2", "lessThan": "6.16.10", "versionType": "semver"}], "programFiles": ["net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"], "defaultStatus": "unaffected"}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9"}], "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn't use 0 as SPI\n\nx->id.spi == 0 means \"no SPI assigned\", but since commit\n94f39804d891 (\"xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling\"), we now create states\nand add them to the byspi list with this value.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete doesn't remove those states from the byspi list,\nsince they shouldn't be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next\ntime we go through the byspi list."}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.109", "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.103"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.50", "versionStartIncluding": "6.12.43"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.16.10", "versionStartIncluding": "6.16.2"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionStartIncluding": "6.1.191"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionStartIncluding": "6.15.11"}], "operator": "OR"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-30T12:22:40.645Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-39965", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-30T12:22:40.645Z", "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.149Z", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "datePublished": "2025-10-13T13:48:31.033Z", "assignerShortName": "Linux"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

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commit\n94f39804d891 (\"xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling\"), we now create states\nand add them to the byspi list with this value.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete doesn't remove those states from the byspi list,\nsince they shouldn't be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next\ntime we go through the byspi list."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, la siguiente vulnerabilidad ha sido resuelta:\n\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi no deber\u00eda usar 0 como SPI\n\nx->id.spi == 0 significa 'no hay SPI asignado', pero desde el commit 94f39804d891 ('xfrm: Manejo de SPI Duplicado'), ahora creamos estados y los a\u00f1adimos a la lista byspi con este valor.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete no elimina esos estados de la lista byspi, ya que no deber\u00edan estar all\u00ed, y esto se manifiesta como un UAF la pr\u00f3xima vez que recorramos la lista byspi."}], "id": "CVE-2025-39965", "lastModified": "2026-10-30T13:18:12.090", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": 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[{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "total"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:55:18.566568Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2025-10-13T14:15:34.910", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn't use 0 as SPI", "id": "2403546", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2403546"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "5.5", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "details": ["No description is available for this CVE."], "name": "CVE-2025-39965", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2025-10-13T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-39965\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-39965\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2025101336-CVE-2025-39965-9772@gregkh/T"], "threat_severity": "Moderate"}

{"created": "2025-10-20T16:13:27.624713+00:00", "updated": "2025-10-20T16:13:27.624770+00:00", "vendors": ["linux", "linux$PRODUCT$linux_kernel"]}