CVE-2025-37938

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If an event references data that was\nallocated when the event triggered and that same data is freed before the\nevent is read, then the kernel can crash by reading freed memory.\n\nThe verifier runs at boot up (or module load) and scans the print formats\nof the events and checks their arguments to make sure that dereferenced\npointers are safe. If the format uses \"%*p..\" the verifier will ignore it,\nand that could be dangerous. Cover this case as well.\n\nAlso add to the sample code a use case of \"%*pbl\"."}], "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H", "baseScore": 7.1, "baseSeverity": "HIGH"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The verifier and the resulting unsafe dereference are exercised entirely through tracefs \u2014 enabling an event under /sys/kernel/tracing/events and reading trace/trace_pipe. There is no network-reachable path; print formats come from compiled-in kernel/module code.\nAC:L - No race or unpredictable state is involved: the parser mis-handles `%*p..` deterministically on every boot/module load, and an attacker simply enables the affected event, triggers it, and reads the trace buffer. Freeing the referenced allocation before the read is under the attacker's control via ordinary workload timing.\nPR:L - Reading and configuring tracefs is required; although the mount defaults to 0700, tracefs explicitly supports `uid=`/`gid=` delegation and real deployments (Android's `shell` user for atrace, `gid=tracing` mounts for unprivileged profiling/observability daemons) grant this to non-root accounts. Choosing the higher-severity option, an unprivileged local account with tracing group membership suffices.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step themselves \u2014 enabling the trace event, causing it to fire, and reading the trace file. No victim action or separate user session is needed.\nS:U - The missed verification and the resulting bad dereference occur in the kernel's own trace output path, within a single security authority. No VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - When the verifier fails to flag an unsafe `%*p`/`%s` argument, the trace output path dereferences a stale pointer and formats already-freed kernel memory (arbitrary reclaimed slab contents, potentially keys or credentials) into the trace buffer the attacker reads. This is an unbounded use-after-free read, which per kernel scoring guidance is High.\nI:N - The failure mode is a read-only dereference performed by `trace_seq_printf()` while formatting the event; nothing is written to the freed object and no control-flow or data-modification primitive arises from the missing verification.\nA:H - As stated in the fix, \"the kernel can crash by reading freed memory\" \u2014 dereferencing a pointer to unmapped or poisoned memory during trace output oopses the kernel, and the mis-aligned argument index also drives spurious `WARN_ON_ONCE`/`WARN_ONCE` splats. Any kernel oops or panic is High."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["kernel/trace/trace_events.c", "samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h"], "versions": [{"version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "6854c87ac823181c810f8c07489ba543260c0023", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "4d11fac941d83509be4e6a21038281d6d96da50c", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "03127354027508d076073b020d3070990fd6a958", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "04b80d45ecfaf780981d6582899e3ab205e4aa08", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "c7204fd1758c0caf1938e8a59809a1fdf28a8114", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "ea8d7647f9ddf1f81e2027ed305299797299aa03", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["kernel/trace/trace_events.c", "samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h"], "versions": [{"version": "5.13", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "5.13", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.1.136", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.89", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12.26", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.13.11", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.14.2", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.14.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.15", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.136"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.89"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.26"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.11"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.14.2"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13", "versionEndExcluding": "6.15"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6854c87ac823181c810f8c07489ba543260c0023"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4d11fac941d83509be4e6a21038281d6d96da50c"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/03127354027508d076073b020d3070990fd6a958"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04b80d45ecfaf780981d6582899e3ab205e4aa08"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7204fd1758c0caf1938e8a59809a1fdf28a8114"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ea8d7647f9ddf1f81e2027ed305299797299aa03"}], "title": "tracing: Verify event formats that have \"%*p..\"", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"title": "CVE Program Container", "references": [{"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html"}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:57:34.583Z"}}, {"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2025-37938", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "partial"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:46:17.779135Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:52:04.642Z"}}]}}

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There is no network-reachable path; print formats come from compiled-in kernel/module code.\nAC:L - No race or unpredictable state is involved: the parser mis-handles `%*p..` deterministically on every boot/module load, and an attacker simply enables the affected event, triggers it, and reads the trace buffer. Freeing the referenced allocation before the read is under the attacker's control via ordinary workload timing.\nPR:L - Reading and configuring tracefs is required; although the mount defaults to 0700, tracefs explicitly supports `uid=`/`gid=` delegation and real deployments (Android's `shell` user for atrace, `gid=tracing` mounts for unprivileged profiling/observability daemons) grant this to non-root accounts. Choosing the higher-severity option, an unprivileged local account with tracing group membership suffices.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step themselves \u2014 enabling the trace event, causing it to fire, and reading the trace file. No victim action or separate user session is needed.\nS:U - The missed verification and the resulting bad dereference occur in the kernel's own trace output path, within a single security authority. No VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - When the verifier fails to flag an unsafe `%*p`/`%s` argument, the trace output path dereferences a stale pointer and formats already-freed kernel memory (arbitrary reclaimed slab contents, potentially keys or credentials) into the trace buffer the attacker reads. This is an unbounded use-after-free read, which per kernel scoring guidance is High.\nI:N - The failure mode is a read-only dereference performed by `trace_seq_printf()` while formatting the event; nothing is written to the freed object and no control-flow or data-modification primitive arises from the missing verification.\nA:H - As stated in the fix, \"the kernel can crash by reading freed memory\" \u2014 dereferencing a pointer to unmapped or poisoned memory during trace output oopses the kernel, and the mis-aligned argument index also drives spurious `WARN_ON_ONCE`/`WARN_ONCE` splats. Any kernel oops or panic is High."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "6854c87ac823181c810f8c07489ba543260c0023", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "4d11fac941d83509be4e6a21038281d6d96da50c", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "03127354027508d076073b020d3070990fd6a958", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "04b80d45ecfaf780981d6582899e3ab205e4aa08", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "c7204fd1758c0caf1938e8a59809a1fdf28a8114", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "5013f454a352cce8e62162976026a9c472595e42", "lessThan": "ea8d7647f9ddf1f81e2027ed305299797299aa03", "versionType": "git"}], "programFiles": ["kernel/trace/trace_events.c", "samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h"], "defaultStatus": "unaffected"}, {"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "5.13"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "5.13", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.136", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.89", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.26", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.13.11", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.14.2", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.14.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.15", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}], "programFiles": ["kernel/trace/trace_events.c", "samples/trace_events/trace-events-sample.h"], "defaultStatus": "affected"}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6854c87ac823181c810f8c07489ba543260c0023"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4d11fac941d83509be4e6a21038281d6d96da50c"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/03127354027508d076073b020d3070990fd6a958"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04b80d45ecfaf780981d6582899e3ab205e4aa08"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7204fd1758c0caf1938e8a59809a1fdf28a8114"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ea8d7647f9ddf1f81e2027ed305299797299aa03"}], "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntracing: Verify event formats that have \"%*p..\"\n\nThe trace event verifier checks the formats of trace events to make sure\nthat they do not point at memory that is not in the trace event itself or\nin data that will never be freed. If an event references data that was\nallocated when the event triggered and that same data is freed before the\nevent is read, then the kernel can crash by reading freed memory.\n\nThe verifier runs at boot up (or module load) and scans the print formats\nof the events and checks their arguments to make sure that dereferenced\npointers are safe. If the format uses \"%*p..\" the verifier will ignore it,\nand that could be dangerous. Cover this case as well.\n\nAlso add to the sample code a use case of \"%*pbl\"."}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.136", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.89", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.26", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.11", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.14.2", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.15", "versionStartIncluding": "5.13"}], "operator": "OR"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:58:30.579Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-37938", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:52:04.642Z", "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.971Z", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "datePublished": "2025-05-20T15:34:40.509Z", "assignerShortName": "Linux"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

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If an event references data that was\nallocated when the event triggered and that same data is freed before the\nevent is read, then the kernel can crash by reading freed memory.\n\nThe verifier runs at boot up (or module load) and scans the print formats\nof the events and checks their arguments to make sure that dereferenced\npointers are safe. If the format uses \"%*p..\" the verifier will ignore it,\nand that could be dangerous. Cover this case as well.\n\nAlso add to the sample code a use case of \"%*pbl\"."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: rastreo: Verificar formatos de eventos que contengan \"%*p..\" El verificador de eventos de rastreo verifica los formatos de los eventos de rastreo para asegurarse de que no apunten a memoria que no est\u00e9 en el propio evento de rastreo ni a datos que nunca se liberar\u00e1n. Si un evento hace referencia a datos asignados al momento de su activaci\u00f3n y esos mismos datos se liberan antes de la lectura del evento, el kernel puede bloquearse al leer la memoria liberada. El verificador se ejecuta al arrancar (o al cargar un m\u00f3dulo) y analiza los formatos de impresi\u00f3n de los eventos, adem\u00e1s de comprobar sus argumentos para garantizar la seguridad de los punteros desreferenciados. Si el formato usa \"%*p..\", el verificador lo ignorar\u00e1, lo cual podr\u00eda ser peligroso. Considere tambi\u00e9n este caso. A\u00f1ada tambi\u00e9n al c\u00f3digo de ejemplo un caso de uso de \"%*pbl\"."}], "id": "CVE-2025-37938", "lastModified": "2026-10-15T22:18:22.097", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.1, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.2, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}, {"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 5.5, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 3.6, "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2025-37938", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "partial"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:46:17.779135Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2025-05-20T16:15:31.127", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/03127354027508d076073b020d3070990fd6a958"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04b80d45ecfaf780981d6582899e3ab205e4aa08"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4d11fac941d83509be4e6a21038281d6d96da50c"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6854c87ac823181c810f8c07489ba543260c0023"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7204fd1758c0caf1938e8a59809a1fdf28a8114"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ea8d7647f9ddf1f81e2027ed305299797299aa03"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "tags": ["Third Party Advisory"], "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-476"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: tracing: Verify event formats that have \"%*p..\"", "id": "2367526", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2367526"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "4.1", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\ntracing: Verify event formats that have \"%*p..\"\nThe trace event verifier checks the formats of trace events to make sure\nthat they do not point at memory that is not in the trace event itself or\nin data that will never be freed. If an event references data that was\nallocated when the event triggered and that same data is freed before the\nevent is read, then the kernel can crash by reading freed memory.\nThe verifier runs at boot up (or module load) and scans the print formats\nof the events and checks their arguments to make sure that dereferenced\npointers are safe. If the format uses \"%*p..\" the verifier will ignore it,\nand that could be dangerous. Cover this case as well.\nAlso add to the sample code a use case of \"%*pbl\"."], "name": "CVE-2025-37938", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2025-05-20T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-37938\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-37938\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2025052047-CVE-2025-37938-30a4@gregkh/T"], "statement": "This patch extends the kernel\u2019s trace event verifier to properly detect and block unsafe pointer dereferencing when using formats like %*p.. (e.g., %*pbl).\nWithout this fix, trace events could dereference freed or invalid memory, potentially leading to kernel crashes if accessed later.", "threat_severity": "Low"}

{"created": "2025-06-27T09:26:50.715084+00:00", "updated": "2025-06-27T09:26:50.715143+00:00", "vendors": ["linux", "linux$PRODUCT$linux_kernel"]}