CVE-2025-21810

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There is no remote or adjacent-network consumer of this driver-core API.\nAC:L - Once the code path is entered the wild dereference is deterministic, and the attacker controls the memory that becomes the iterator: on the two most reachable paths the iterator is a plain unzeroed `kmalloc(32)` object, so an unprivileged process can pre-spray `kmalloc-32` with chosen bytes and repeat the triggering read/dump arbitrarily often until the layout lands.\nPR:L - `/proc/diskstats`, `/proc/partitions` and cgroup `io.stat` are world-readable, and the NFC `NFC_CMD_GET_DEVICE` dumpit entry in `nfc_genl_ops[]` is one of the few NFC operations with no `GENL_ADMIN_PERM` flag \u2014 so an ordinary unprivileged local user reaches `class_dev_iter_next()` with no capability of any kind.\nUI:N - The attacker triggers the path entirely on their own by reading a procfs file or issuing a netlink dump; no victim action, mount, or device plug-in is involved.\nS:U - The corruption and any resulting code execution stay within the kernel's own security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - `klist_next()` dereferences the uninitialized `i_klist` and walks `k_list`/`n_node` links, giving an attacker-directed read of arbitrary kernel memory that is then reflected through the iteration; combined with the call gadget this yields full memory disclosure.\nI:H - The uninitialized iterator drives `spin_lock_irqsave()` on a controlled address, a `kref_put`/`list_del` write pair in `klist_dec_and_del()`, and finally an indirect call `put(last)` through a function pointer read from attacker-groomable memory \u2014 an arbitrary-write and control-flow-hijack primitive.\nA:H - Even without successful grooming, dereferencing wild pointers in `klist_next()`/`klist_iter_exit()`/`subsys_put()` reliably produces a kernel oops or panic, and it happens while holding a spinlock with interrupts disabled."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["drivers/base/class.c"], "versions": [{"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "lessThan": "f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "lessThan": "1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "lessThan": "5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "lessThan": "e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["drivers/base/class.c"], "versions": [{"version": "6.4", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "6.4", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.76", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12.13", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.13.2", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.14", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.76"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.13"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4", "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.2"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4", "versionEndExcluding": "6.14"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1"}], "title": "driver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2025-21810", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "total"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:43:01.612001Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:51:53.284Z"}}]}}

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There is no remote or adjacent-network consumer of this driver-core API.\nAC:L - Once the code path is entered the wild dereference is deterministic, and the attacker controls the memory that becomes the iterator: on the two most reachable paths the iterator is a plain unzeroed `kmalloc(32)` object, so an unprivileged process can pre-spray `kmalloc-32` with chosen bytes and repeat the triggering read/dump arbitrarily often until the layout lands.\nPR:L - `/proc/diskstats`, `/proc/partitions` and cgroup `io.stat` are world-readable, and the NFC `NFC_CMD_GET_DEVICE` dumpit entry in `nfc_genl_ops[]` is one of the few NFC operations with no `GENL_ADMIN_PERM` flag \u2014 so an ordinary unprivileged local user reaches `class_dev_iter_next()` with no capability of any kind.\nUI:N - The attacker triggers the path entirely on their own by reading a procfs file or issuing a netlink dump; no victim action, mount, or device plug-in is involved.\nS:U - The corruption and any resulting code execution stay within the kernel's own security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - `klist_next()` dereferences the uninitialized `i_klist` and walks `k_list`/`n_node` links, giving an attacker-directed read of arbitrary kernel memory that is then reflected through the iteration; combined with the call gadget this yields full memory disclosure.\nI:H - The uninitialized iterator drives `spin_lock_irqsave()` on a controlled address, a `kref_put`/`list_del` write pair in `klist_dec_and_del()`, and finally an indirect call `put(last)` through a function pointer read from attacker-groomable memory \u2014 an arbitrary-write and control-flow-hijack primitive.\nA:H - Even without successful grooming, dereferencing wild pointers in `klist_next()`/`klist_iter_exit()`/`subsys_put()` reliably produces a kernel oops or panic, and it happens while holding a spinlock with interrupts disabled."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": 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{"status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "6.4", "versionType": "semver"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.76", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.13", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.13.2", "versionType": "semver", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*"}, {"status": "unaffected", "version": "6.14", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix", "lessThanOrEqual": "*"}], "programFiles": ["drivers/base/class.c"], "defaultStatus": "affected"}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1"}], "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}, "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndriver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()\n\nThere are a potential wild pointer dereferences issue regarding APIs\nclass_dev_iter_(init|next|exit)(), as explained by below typical usage:\n\n// All members of @iter are wild pointers.\nstruct class_dev_iter iter;\n\n// class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) checks parameter @class for\n// potential class_to_subsys() error, and it returns void type and does\n// not initialize its output parameter @iter, so caller can not detect\n// the error and continues to invoke class_dev_iter_next(@iter) even if\n// @iter still contains wild pointers.\nclass_dev_iter_init(&iter, ...);\n\n// Dereference these wild pointers in @iter here once suffer the error.\nwhile (dev = class_dev_iter_next(&iter)) { ... };\n\n// Also dereference these wild pointers here.\nclass_dev_iter_exit(&iter);\n\nActually, all callers of these APIs have such usage pattern in kernel tree.\nFix by:\n- Initialize output parameter @iter by memset() in class_dev_iter_init()\n and give callers prompt by pr_crit() for the error.\n- Check if @iter is valid in class_dev_iter_next()."}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.76", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.13", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.2", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4"}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "vulnerable": true, "versionEndExcluding": "6.14", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4"}], "operator": "OR"}]}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "shortName": "Linux", "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:54:37.861Z"}}}, "cveMetadata": {"cveId": "CVE-2025-21810", "state": "PUBLISHED", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:51:53.284Z", "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.772Z", "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "datePublished": "2025-02-27T20:01:01.630Z", "assignerShortName": "Linux"}, "dataVersion": "5.2"}

{"affected": [{"affectedData": [{"defaultStatus": "unaffected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["drivers/base/class.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"lessThan": "f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87", "status": "affected", "version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c", "status": "affected", "version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7", "status": "affected", "version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1", "status": "affected", "version": "7b884b7f24b42fa25e92ed724ad82f137610afaf", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"defaultStatus": "affected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["drivers/base/class.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "6.4"}, {"lessThan": "6.4", "status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.76", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12.13", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.13.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.13.2", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.14", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"}], "configurations": [{"nodes": [{"cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "C6A28F1A-2CCA-4B18-AA73-20D184A7D477", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.76", "versionStartIncluding": "6.4", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "2897389C-A8C3-4D69-90F2-E701B3D66373", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.13", "versionStartIncluding": "6.7", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "6D4116B1-1BFD-4F23-BA84-169CC05FC5A3", "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.2", "versionStartIncluding": "6.13", "vulnerable": true}], "negate": false, "operator": "OR"}]}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndriver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()\n\nThere are a potential wild pointer dereferences issue regarding APIs\nclass_dev_iter_(init|next|exit)(), as explained by below typical usage:\n\n// All members of @iter are wild pointers.\nstruct class_dev_iter iter;\n\n// class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) checks parameter @class for\n// potential class_to_subsys() error, and it returns void type and does\n// not initialize its output parameter @iter, so caller can not detect\n// the error and continues to invoke class_dev_iter_next(@iter) even if\n// @iter still contains wild pointers.\nclass_dev_iter_init(&iter, ...);\n\n// Dereference these wild pointers in @iter here once suffer the error.\nwhile (dev = class_dev_iter_next(&iter)) { ... };\n\n// Also dereference these wild pointers here.\nclass_dev_iter_exit(&iter);\n\nActually, all callers of these APIs have such usage pattern in kernel tree.\nFix by:\n- Initialize output parameter @iter by memset() in class_dev_iter_init()\n and give callers prompt by pr_crit() for the error.\n- Check if @iter is valid in class_dev_iter_next()."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: n\u00facleo del controlador: clase: Arreglar desreferencias de punteros salvajes en la API class_dev_iter_next() Hay un posible problema de desreferencias de punteros salvajes con respecto a las API class_dev_iter_(init|next|exit()), como se explica a continuaci\u00f3n en el uso t\u00edpico: // Todos los miembros de @iter son punteros salvajes. struct class_dev_iter iter; // class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) comprueba el par\u00e1metro @class en busca de un posible error class_to_subsys(), y devuelve el tipo void y no inicializa su par\u00e1metro de salida @iter, por lo que el llamador no puede detectar el error y contin\u00faa invocando class_dev_iter_next(@iter) incluso si @iter todav\u00eda contiene punteros salvajes. class_dev_iter_init(&iter, ...); // Desreferencia estos punteros salvajes en @iter aqu\u00ed una vez que sufre el error. mientras (dev = class_dev_iter_next(&iter)) { ... }; // Tambi\u00e9n desreferencia estos punteros salvajes aqu\u00ed. class_dev_iter_exit(&iter); En realidad, todos los que llaman a estas API tienen ese patr\u00f3n de uso en el \u00e1rbol del kernel. Solucione esto: - Inicialice el par\u00e1metro de salida @iter con memset() en class_dev_iter_init() y d\u00e9 a los que llaman un aviso con pr_crit() para el error. - Verifique si @iter es v\u00e1lido en class_dev_iter_next()."}], "id": "CVE-2025-21810", "lastModified": "2026-10-15T22:18:09.087", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}, {"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 5.5, "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "NONE", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 3.6, "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2025-21810", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "total"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:43:01.612001Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2025-02-27T20:16:03.587", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1614e75d1a1b63db6421c7a4bf37004720c7376c"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c504e9767b947cf7d4e29b811c0c8b3c53242b7"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e128f82f7006991c99a58114f70ef61e937b1ac1"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f4b9bc823b0cfdebfed479c0e87d6939c7562e87"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-476"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: driver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()", "id": "2348904", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2348904"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "5.5", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "cwe": "CWE-20", "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\ndriver core: class: Fix wild pointer dereferences in API class_dev_iter_next()\nThere are a potential wild pointer dereferences issue regarding APIs\nclass_dev_iter_(init|next|exit)(), as explained by below typical usage:\n// All members of @iter are wild pointers.\nstruct class_dev_iter iter;\n// class_dev_iter_init(@iter, @class, ...) checks parameter @class for\n// potential class_to_subsys() error, and it returns void type and does\n// not initialize its output parameter @iter, so caller can not detect\n// the error and continues to invoke class_dev_iter_next(@iter) even if\n// @iter still contains wild pointers.\nclass_dev_iter_init(&iter, ...);\n// Dereference these wild pointers in @iter here once suffer the error.\nwhile (dev = class_dev_iter_next(&iter)) { ... };\n// Also dereference these wild pointers here.\nclass_dev_iter_exit(&iter);\nActually, all callers of these APIs have such usage pattern in kernel tree.\nFix by:\n- Initialize output parameter @iter by memset() in class_dev_iter_init()\nand give callers prompt by pr_crit() for the error.\n- Check if @iter is valid in class_dev_iter_next()."], "name": "CVE-2025-21810", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2025-02-27T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-21810\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21810\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2025022754-CVE-2025-21810-0c14@gregkh/T"], "threat_severity": "Low"}

{}