CVE-2025-21761

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vulnerable code is reached only through the openvswitch generic-netlink family (OVS_VPORT_CMD_NEW/SET/DEL) and through netdev namespace migration triggered by local syscalls; there is no remote or adjacent-network input path.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race \u2014 it schedules the netns teardown (dropping the last reference to a namespace it created) and the `ovs_dp_notify_wq`/vport command that re-reads `dev_net(vport->dev)` \u2014 and can repeat the sequence indefinitely until the window is hit.\nPR:L - The vport commands use GENL_UNS_ADMIN_PERM, i.e. `netlink_ns_capable(skb, net->user_ns, CAP_NET_ADMIN)`, which any unprivileged user obtains via `unshare -Urn`; namespace creation and `ip link set ... netns` likewise need only namespaced capabilities, and the module auto-loads on family lookup.\nUI:N - The entire sequence \u2014 datapath creation, port attach, namespace move and teardown \u2014 is performed by the attacker's own processes with no action from any other user.\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences stay within the kernel's own security authority; no hypervisor, IOMMU, or other trust boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free read of a freed `struct net`, plus `alloc_netid()` persists the dangling pointer into a live namespace's `netns_ids` IDR where the attacker can resurrect it via RTM_GETNSID/IFLA_TARGET_NETNSID/BPF `get_net_ns_by_id()`, yielding access to reallocated kernel memory and cross-namespace state.\nI:H - `maybe_get_net()` and `put_net()` perform atomic refcount increments/decrements directly on freed slab memory, corrupting whatever object reuses it, and a stale `struct net *` is durably written into a live namespace's IDR \u2014 a standard UAF write primitive leveragable for privilege escalation.\nA:H - Dereferencing and refcount-manipulating a freed `struct net` causes oops/panic, and a spurious `put_net()` can drive `__put_net()`/`cleanup_net()` over a destroyed or reused object, crashing the machine."}]}], 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"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T19:37:08.745Z"}}, {"x_adpType": "supplier", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "shortName": "siemens-SADP", "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T01:04:07.041Z"}, "affected": [{"vendor": "Siemens", "product": "SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "custom"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}, {"vendor": "Siemens", "product": "SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "0", "lessThan": "*", "versionType": "custom"}], "defaultStatus": "unknown"}], "references": [{"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-265688.html"}, {"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-784472.html"}]}]}}

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"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable code is reached only through the openvswitch generic-netlink family (OVS_VPORT_CMD_NEW/SET/DEL) and through netdev namespace migration triggered by local syscalls; there is no remote or adjacent-network input path.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race \u2014 it schedules the netns teardown (dropping the last reference to a namespace it created) and the `ovs_dp_notify_wq`/vport command that re-reads `dev_net(vport->dev)` \u2014 and can repeat the sequence indefinitely until the window is hit.\nPR:L - The vport commands use GENL_UNS_ADMIN_PERM, i.e. `netlink_ns_capable(skb, net->user_ns, CAP_NET_ADMIN)`, which any unprivileged user obtains via `unshare -Urn`; namespace creation and `ip link set ... netns` likewise need only namespaced capabilities, and the module auto-loads on family lookup.\nUI:N - The entire sequence \u2014 datapath creation, port attach, namespace move and teardown \u2014 is performed by the attacker's own processes with no action from any other user.\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences stay within the kernel's own security authority; no hypervisor, IOMMU, or other trust boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free read of a freed `struct net`, plus `alloc_netid()` persists the dangling pointer into a live namespace's `netns_ids` IDR where the attacker can resurrect it via RTM_GETNSID/IFLA_TARGET_NETNSID/BPF `get_net_ns_by_id()`, yielding access to reallocated kernel memory and cross-namespace state.\nI:H - `maybe_get_net()` and `put_net()` perform atomic refcount increments/decrements directly on freed slab memory, corrupting whatever object reuses it, and a stale `struct net *` is durably written into a live namespace's IDR \u2014 a standard UAF write primitive leveragable for privilege escalation.\nA:H - Dereferencing and refcount-manipulating a freed `struct net` causes oops/panic, and a spurious `put_net()` can drive `__put_net()`/`cleanup_net()` over a destroyed or reused object, crashing the machine."}]}], "affected": [{"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "product": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "9354d452034273a50a4fd703bea31e5d6b1fc20b", "lessThan": "e85a25d1a9985645e796039e843d1de581d2de1e", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9354d452034273a50a4fd703bea31e5d6b1fc20b", "lessThan": "a8816b3f1f151373fd30f1996f00480126c8bb11", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9354d452034273a50a4fd703bea31e5d6b1fc20b", "lessThan": "a884f57600e463f69d7b279c4598b865260b62a1", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9354d452034273a50a4fd703bea31e5d6b1fc20b", "lessThan": "7e01abc34e87abd091e619161a20f54ed4e3e2da", "versionType": "git"}, {"status": "affected", "version": "9354d452034273a50a4fd703bea31e5d6b1fc20b", "lessThan": 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GNU/Linux subsystem", "vendor": "Siemens", "versions": [{"lessThan": "*", "status": "affected", "version": "0", "versionType": "custom"}]}, {"defaultStatus": "unknown", "product": "SIMATIC S7-1500 TM MFP - GNU/Linux subsystem", "vendor": "Siemens", "versions": [{"lessThan": "*", "status": "affected", "version": "0", "versionType": "custom"}]}], "source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e"}], "configurations": [{"nodes": [{"cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "9A2D417A-D614-4509-9329-6CEEA5AB3497", "versionEndExcluding": "5.4.291", "versionStartIncluding": "4.15", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "545121FA-DE31-4154-9446-C2000FB4104D", "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.235", "versionStartIncluding": "5.5", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "C708062C-4E1B-465F-AE6D-C09C46400875", "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.179", "versionStartIncluding": "5.11", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "2DA5009C-C9B9-4A1D-9B96-78427E8F232C", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.129", "versionStartIncluding": "5.16", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "B16AADE5-B2FD-4C14-B4E4-85E8EDAFE775", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.79", "versionStartIncluding": "6.2", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "13C8DB18-FC60-425F-84E5-3EDDEC61B2FC", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.16", "versionStartIncluding": "6.7", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "2A2093ED-74A9-43F9-AC72-50030F374EA4", "versionEndExcluding": "6.13.4", "versionStartIncluding": "6.13", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "186716B6-2B66-4BD0-852E-D48E71C0C85F", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "0D3E781C-403A-498F-9DA9-ECEE50F41E75", "vulnerable": true}], "negate": false, "operator": "OR"}]}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nopenvswitch: use RCU protection in ovs_vport_cmd_fill_info()\n\novs_vport_cmd_fill_info() can be called without RTNL or RCU.\n\nUse RCU protection and dev_net_rcu() to avoid potential UAF."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: openvswitch: usar la protecci\u00f3n RCU en ovs_vport_cmd_fill_info() ovs_vport_cmd_fill_info() se puede llamar sin RTNL o RCU. Use la protecci\u00f3n RCU y dev_net_rcu() para evitar posibles UAF."}], "id": "CVE-2025-21761", "lastModified": "2026-10-15T02:17:33.177", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}, {"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "type": "Secondary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2025-21761", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "total"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2025-02-27T17:57:35.920303Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2025-02-27T03:15:16.757", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5828937742af74666192835d657095d95c53dbd0"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7e01abc34e87abd091e619161a20f54ed4e3e2da"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8ec57509c36c8b9a23e50b7858dda0c520a2d074"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/90b2f49a502fa71090d9f4fe29a2f51fe5dff76d"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a849a10de5e04d798f7f286a2f1ca174719a617a"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a8816b3f1f151373fd30f1996f00480126c8bb11"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a884f57600e463f69d7b279c4598b865260b62a1"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e85a25d1a9985645e796039e843d1de581d2de1e"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00028.html"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-265688.html"}, {"source": "0b142b55-0307-4c5a-b3c9-f314f3fb7c5e", "url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-784472.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "CWE-416"}], "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "type": "Secondary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: openvswitch: use RCU protection in ovs_vport_cmd_fill_info()", "id": "2348612", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2348612"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "7.0", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "cwe": "CWE-416", "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nopenvswitch: use RCU protection in ovs_vport_cmd_fill_info()\novs_vport_cmd_fill_info() can be called without RTNL or RCU.\nUse RCU protection and dev_net_rcu() to avoid potential UAF."], "mitigation": {"lang": "en:us", "value": "To mitigate this issue, prevent module openvswitch from being loaded. Please see https://access.redhat.com/solutions/41278 for how to blacklist a kernel module to prevent it from loading automatically."}, "name": "CVE-2025-21761", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:10", "fix_state": "Affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Will not fix", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2025-02-27T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-21761\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21761\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2025022604-CVE-2025-21761-218b@gregkh/T"], "statement": "The bug could happen only if vSwitch (that is a multilayer Ethernet switch) being used. The security impact is limited, because no known way how unprivileged user can trigger it.", "threat_severity": "Moderate"}

{}