CVE-2024-49861

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Later, check_helper_mem_access(), under the case of\nPTR_TO_MAP_VALUE as register base type, it assumes BPF_READ for the\nsubsequent call to check_map_access_type() and given the BPF map is\nread-only it succeeds.\n\nThe helpers really need to be annotated as ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} | MEM_UNINIT\nwhen results are written into them as opposed to read out of them. The\nlatter indicates that it's okay to pass a pointer to uninitialized memory\nas the memory is written to anyway.\n\nHowever, ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} is a special case of ARG_PTR_TO_FIXED_SIZE_MEM\njust with additional alignment requirement. So it is better to just get\nrid of the ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} special cases altogether and reuse the\nfixed size memory types. For this, add MEM_ALIGNED to additionally ensure\nalignment given these helpers write directly into the args via *<ptr> = val.\nThe .arg*_size has been initialized reflecting the actual sizeof(*<ptr>).\n\nMEM_ALIGNED can only be used in combination with MEM_FIXED_SIZE annotated\nargument types, since in !MEM_FIXED_SIZE cases the verifier does not know\nthe buffer size a priori and therefore cannot blindly write *<ptr> = val."}], "metrics": [{"cvssV3_1": {"version": "3.1", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH"}, "scenarios": [{"lang": "en", "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached by loading and running a crafted eBPF program via the local bpf() syscall; there is no network-facing path to the verifier.\nAC:L - The verifier flaw is triggered deterministically by a specifically crafted BPF program passing a rodata map pointer to an affected helper\u2014no race or attacker-uncontrolled condition is involved.\nPR:L - The affected helpers (bpf_strtol/bpf_strtoul) are in the unprivileged tier of bpf_base_func_proto and reachable by unprivileged socket-filter programs when unprivileged BPF is enabled; an ordinary local account suffices.\nUI:N - The attacker loads and executes their own BPF program; no action from any other user is required.\nS:U - The corruption and resulting privilege escalation occur within the kernel's own security authority; no VM/IOMMU/sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Writing into a frozen read-only map defeats the verifier's constant-folding soundness, enabling out-of-bounds/arbitrary kernel memory reads and disclosure.\nI:H - The bug is a verifier bypass giving a write into memory the verifier assumed immutable, the canonical primitive for arbitrary kernel write and code-execution/privilege escalation.\nA:H - The resulting memory corruption can crash or fully compromise the kernel."}]}], "affected": [{"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "unaffected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["include/linux/bpf.h", "kernel/bpf/helpers.c", "kernel/bpf/syscall.c", "kernel/bpf/verifier.c", "kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c", "net/core/filter.c"], "versions": [{"version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "lessThan": "988e55abcf7fdb8fc9a76a7cf3f4e939a4d4fb3a", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "lessThan": "a2c8dc7e21803257e762b0bf067fd13e9c995da0", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "lessThan": "2ed98ee02d1e08afee88f54baec39ea78dc8a23c", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "lessThan": "1e75d25133158b525e0456876e9bcfd6b2993fd5", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}, {"version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "lessThan": "32556ce93bc45c730829083cb60f95a2728ea48b", "status": "affected", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"product": "Linux", "vendor": "Linux", "defaultStatus": "affected", "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "programFiles": ["include/linux/bpf.h", "kernel/bpf/helpers.c", "kernel/bpf/syscall.c", "kernel/bpf/verifier.c", "kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c", "net/core/filter.c"], "versions": [{"version": "5.2", "status": "affected"}, {"version": "0", "lessThan": "5.2", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.1.120", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.6.54", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.10.13", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.10.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.11.2", "lessThanOrEqual": "6.11.*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "semver"}, {"version": "6.12", "lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "cpeApplicability": [{"nodes": [{"operator": "OR", "negate": false, "cpeMatch": [{"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.120"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.54"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.10.13"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.11.2"}, {"vulnerable": true, "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "versionStartIncluding": "5.2", "versionEndExcluding": "6.12"}]}]}], "references": [{"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/988e55abcf7fdb8fc9a76a7cf3f4e939a4d4fb3a"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a2c8dc7e21803257e762b0bf067fd13e9c995da0"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2ed98ee02d1e08afee88f54baec39ea78dc8a23c"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1e75d25133158b525e0456876e9bcfd6b2993fd5"}, {"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/32556ce93bc45c730829083cb60f95a2728ea48b"}], "title": "bpf: Fix helper writes to read-only maps", "x_generator": {"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"}}, "adp": [{"metrics": [{"other": {"type": "ssvc", "content": {"id": "CVE-2024-49861", "role": "CISA Coordinator", "options": [{"Exploitation": "none"}, {"Automatable": "no"}, {"Technical Impact": "partial"}], "version": "2.0.3", "timestamp": "2024-10-21T12:55:39.105078Z"}}}], "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment", "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "shortName": "CISA-ADP", "dateUpdated": "2024-10-21T13:04:10.325Z"}}, {"title": "CVE Program Container", "references": [{"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00001.html"}], "providerMetadata": {"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "shortName": "CVE", "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T20:41:16.087Z"}}]}}

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Later, check_helper_mem_access(), under the case of\nPTR_TO_MAP_VALUE as register base type, it assumes BPF_READ for the\nsubsequent call to check_map_access_type() and given the BPF map is\nread-only it succeeds.\n\nThe helpers really need to be annotated as ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} | MEM_UNINIT\nwhen results are written into them as opposed to read out of them. The\nlatter indicates that it's okay to pass a pointer to uninitialized memory\nas the memory is written to anyway.\n\nHowever, ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} is a special case of ARG_PTR_TO_FIXED_SIZE_MEM\njust with additional alignment requirement. So it is better to just get\nrid of the ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} special cases altogether and reuse the\nfixed size memory types. 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{"affected": [{"affectedData": [{"defaultStatus": "unaffected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["include/linux/bpf.h", "kernel/bpf/helpers.c", "kernel/bpf/syscall.c", "kernel/bpf/verifier.c", "kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c", "net/core/filter.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"lessThan": "988e55abcf7fdb8fc9a76a7cf3f4e939a4d4fb3a", "status": "affected", "version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "a2c8dc7e21803257e762b0bf067fd13e9c995da0", "status": "affected", "version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "2ed98ee02d1e08afee88f54baec39ea78dc8a23c", "status": "affected", "version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "1e75d25133158b525e0456876e9bcfd6b2993fd5", "status": "affected", "version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "versionType": "git"}, {"lessThan": "32556ce93bc45c730829083cb60f95a2728ea48b", "status": "affected", "version": "57c3bb725a3dd97d960d7e1cd0845d88de53217f", "versionType": "git"}]}, {"defaultStatus": "affected", "product": "Linux", "programFiles": ["include/linux/bpf.h", "kernel/bpf/helpers.c", "kernel/bpf/syscall.c", "kernel/bpf/verifier.c", "kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c", "net/core/filter.c"], "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git", "vendor": "Linux", "versions": [{"status": "affected", "version": "5.2"}, {"lessThan": "5.2", "status": "unaffected", "version": "0", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.1.120", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.6.54", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.10.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.10.13", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "6.11.*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.11.2", "versionType": "semver"}, {"lessThanOrEqual": "*", "status": "unaffected", "version": "6.12", "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"}]}], "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"}], "configurations": [{"nodes": [{"cpeMatch": [{"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "1C50745E-F1ED-43B5-A0AA-2ECE7194E14C", "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.54", "versionStartIncluding": "5.2", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "CE94BB8D-B0AB-4563-9ED7-A12122B56EBE", "versionEndExcluding": "6.10.13", "versionStartIncluding": "6.7", "vulnerable": true}, {"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "matchCriteriaId": "AB755D26-97F4-43B6-8604-CD076811E181", "versionEndExcluding": "6.11.2", "versionStartIncluding": "6.11", "vulnerable": true}], "negate": false, "operator": "OR"}]}], "cveTags": [], "descriptions": [{"lang": "en", "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: Fix helper writes to read-only maps\n\nLonial found an issue that despite user- and BPF-side frozen BPF map\n(like in case of .rodata), it was still possible to write into it from\na BPF program side through specific helpers having ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT}\nas arguments.\n\nIn check_func_arg() when the argument is as mentioned, the meta->raw_mode\nis never set. Later, check_helper_mem_access(), under the case of\nPTR_TO_MAP_VALUE as register base type, it assumes BPF_READ for the\nsubsequent call to check_map_access_type() and given the BPF map is\nread-only it succeeds.\n\nThe helpers really need to be annotated as ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} | MEM_UNINIT\nwhen results are written into them as opposed to read out of them. The\nlatter indicates that it's okay to pass a pointer to uninitialized memory\nas the memory is written to anyway.\n\nHowever, ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} is a special case of ARG_PTR_TO_FIXED_SIZE_MEM\njust with additional alignment requirement. So it is better to just get\nrid of the ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} special cases altogether and reuse the\nfixed size memory types. For this, add MEM_ALIGNED to additionally ensure\nalignment given these helpers write directly into the args via *<ptr> = val.\nThe .arg*_size has been initialized reflecting the actual sizeof(*<ptr>).\n\nMEM_ALIGNED can only be used in combination with MEM_FIXED_SIZE annotated\nargument types, since in !MEM_FIXED_SIZE cases the verifier does not know\nthe buffer size a priori and therefore cannot blindly write *<ptr> = val."}, {"lang": "es", "value": "En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: bpf: Arregla las escrituras del ayudante en mapas de solo lectura Lonial encontr\u00f3 un problema que a pesar del mapa BPF congelado del lado del usuario y del BPF (como en el caso de .rodata), a\u00fan era posible escribir en \u00e9l desde el lado del programa BPF a trav\u00e9s de ayudantes espec\u00edficos que tienen ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} como argumentos. En check_func_arg() cuando el argumento es como se menciona, el meta-&gt;raw_mode nunca se establece. M\u00e1s tarde, check_helper_mem_access(), bajo el caso de PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE como tipo base de registro, asume BPF_READ para la llamada posterior a check_map_access_type() y dado que el mapa BPF es de solo lectura, tiene \u00e9xito. Los ayudantes realmente necesitan ser anotados como ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} | MEM_UNINIT cuando los resultados se escriben en ellos en lugar de leerse de ellos. Este \u00faltimo indica que est\u00e1 bien pasar un puntero a la memoria no inicializada, ya que la memoria se escribe de todos modos. Sin embargo, ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} es un caso especial de ARG_PTR_TO_FIXED_SIZE_MEM solo que con un requisito de alineaci\u00f3n adicional. Por lo tanto, es mejor deshacerse de los casos especiales ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} por completo y reutilizar los tipos de memoria de tama\u00f1o fijo. Para esto, agregue MEM_ALIGNED para garantizar adicionalmente la alineaci\u00f3n dado que estos ayudantes escriben directamente en los argumentos a trav\u00e9s de * = val. El .arg*_size se ha inicializado reflejando el tama\u00f1o real de (*). MEM_ALIGNED solo se puede usar en combinaci\u00f3n con los tipos de argumentos anotados MEM_FIXED_SIZE, ya que en los casos !MEM_FIXED_SIZE el verificador no conoce el tama\u00f1o del b\u00fafer a priori y, por lo tanto, no puede escribir ciegamente * = val."}], "id": "CVE-2024-49861", "lastModified": "2026-08-04T11:20:52.433", "metrics": {"cvssMetricV31": [{"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.8, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.9, "source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "type": "Secondary"}, {"cvssData": {"attackComplexity": "LOW", "attackVector": "LOCAL", "availabilityImpact": "HIGH", "baseScore": 7.1, "baseSeverity": "HIGH", "confidentialityImpact": "NONE", "integrityImpact": "HIGH", "privilegesRequired": "LOW", "scope": "UNCHANGED", "userInteraction": "NONE", "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H", "version": "3.1"}, "exploitabilityScore": 1.8, "impactScore": 5.2, "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}], "ssvcV203": [{"source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0", "ssvcData": {"id": "CVE-2024-49861", "options": [{"exploitation": "none"}, {"automatable": "no"}, {"technicalImpact": "partial"}], "role": "CISA Coordinator", "timestamp": "2024-10-21T12:55:39.105078Z", "version": "2.0.3"}}]}, "published": "2024-10-21T13:15:06.800", "references": [{"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1e75d25133158b525e0456876e9bcfd6b2993fd5"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2ed98ee02d1e08afee88f54baec39ea78dc8a23c"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/32556ce93bc45c730829083cb60f95a2728ea48b"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/988e55abcf7fdb8fc9a76a7cf3f4e939a4d4fb3a"}, {"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "tags": ["Patch"], "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a2c8dc7e21803257e762b0bf067fd13e9c995da0"}, {"source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108", "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00001.html"}], "sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67", "vulnStatus": "Modified", "weaknesses": [{"description": [{"lang": "en", "value": "NVD-CWE-noinfo"}], "source": "nvd@nist.gov", "type": "Primary"}]}

{"bugzilla": {"description": "kernel: bpf: Fix helper writes to read-only maps", "id": "2320275", "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2320275"}, "csaw": false, "cvss3": {"cvss3_base_score": "4.4", "cvss3_scoring_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H", "status": "draft"}, "cwe": "CWE-99", "details": ["In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\nbpf: Fix helper writes to read-only maps\nLonial found an issue that despite user- and BPF-side frozen BPF map\n(like in case of .rodata), it was still possible to write into it from\na BPF program side through specific helpers having ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT}\nas arguments.\nIn check_func_arg() when the argument is as mentioned, the meta->raw_mode\nis never set. Later, check_helper_mem_access(), under the case of\nPTR_TO_MAP_VALUE as register base type, it assumes BPF_READ for the\nsubsequent call to check_map_access_type() and given the BPF map is\nread-only it succeeds.\nThe helpers really need to be annotated as ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} | MEM_UNINIT\nwhen results are written into them as opposed to read out of them. The\nlatter indicates that it's okay to pass a pointer to uninitialized memory\nas the memory is written to anyway.\nHowever, ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} is a special case of ARG_PTR_TO_FIXED_SIZE_MEM\njust with additional alignment requirement. So it is better to just get\nrid of the ARG_PTR_TO_{LONG,INT} special cases altogether and reuse the\nfixed size memory types. For this, add MEM_ALIGNED to additionally ensure\nalignment given these helpers write directly into the args via *<ptr> = val.\nThe .arg*_size has been initialized reflecting the actual sizeof(*<ptr>).\nMEM_ALIGNED can only be used in combination with MEM_FIXED_SIZE annotated\nargument types, since in !MEM_FIXED_SIZE cases the verifier does not know\nthe buffer size a priori and therefore cannot blindly write *<ptr> = val."], "name": "CVE-2024-49861", "package_state": [{"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6", "fix_state": "Not affected", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7", "fix_state": "Out of support scope", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}, {"cpe": "cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:9", "fix_state": "Fix deferred", "package_name": "kernel-rt", "product_name": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9"}], "public_date": "2024-10-21T00:00:00Z", "references": ["https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-49861\nhttps://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-49861\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2024102124-CVE-2024-49861-5288@gregkh/T"], "statement": "The default Red Hat Enterprise Linux kernel prevents unprivileged users from being able to use eBPF by the kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled sysctl. This would require a privileged user with CAP_SYS_ADMIN or root to be able to abuse this flaw reducing its attack space.\nFor the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 to confirm the current state, inspect the sysctl with the command:\ncat /proc/sys/kernel/unprivileged_bpf_disabled\nThe setting of 1 would mean that unprivileged users can not use eBPF, mitigating the flaw.", "threat_severity": "Low"}

{}